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Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

111
Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
111
Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
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Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

9.5K
Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
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Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation01:28

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...
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Exceptionally Fast Heterogeneous Catalysis Using Perovskite Nanocrystals for Hydrocarbon Aromatization.

Melad Shaikh1, Nhu Dang1, Jericho Reyes1

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This study introduces a novel perovskite nanocrystal catalyst for rapid hydrocarbon aromatization. This heterogeneous catalysis system achieves high efficiency under ambient conditions, offering a scalable route to valuable aromatic compounds.

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Area of Science:

  • Catalysis
  • Materials Science
  • Organic Chemistry

Background:

  • Heterogeneous catalysis is industrially preferred for separation and reusability, but often limited by slower reaction rates.
  • Innovative catalyst designs are crucial to overcome mass transfer and adsorption limitations in heterogeneous systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a highly efficient heterogeneous catalytic system for hydrocarbon aromatization.
  • To overcome limitations of traditional heterogeneous catalysis using novel nanocrystal architectures.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized lead halide perovskite CsPbBr3 nanocrystals (NCs) as a heterogeneous catalyst.
  • Investigated hydrocarbon aromatization reactions, including benzene formation from cyclohexene.
  • Analyzed reaction mechanisms, quantum yield, and functional group tolerance under visible-light irradiation.

Main Results:

  • Achieved exceptionally fast hydrocarbon aromatization with turnover frequencies (TOFs) up to 6.5 s⁻¹ per Cs.
  • Demonstrated kilograms of benzene formation from cyclohexene using milligrams of catalyst under ambient conditions.
  • Observed over 848% quantum yield driven by a radical chain mechanism, with broad functional group tolerance and high selectivity for substituted cyclohexenes.

Conclusions:

  • The CsPbBr3 NC heterogeneous catalytic system offers a transformative, highly reactive pathway for arene synthesis.
  • This approach bridges the gap between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, enabling efficient production of complex aromatic compounds.
  • The photocatalytic system extends to acyclic olefins, showcasing versatility in synthesizing valuable arenes and heteroarenes.