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Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
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HIV-Specific vs Universal Immunization Coverage in US Children with HIV: A Multi-Site Study.

Samie Sabet1, Nicholas Hollman2, Amy Hendrix-Dicken1

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma School of Community Medicine, Tulsa, OK, United States.

Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society
|April 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Vaccine coverage for children living with HIV (CLWH) is lower for HIV-specific vaccines than universal ones. Targeted interventions are needed to improve adherence to crucial immunization schedules for CLWH.

Keywords:
human immunodeficiency virusimmunizationsmeningococcal vaccinepneumococcal vaccinevaccines

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Infectious Diseases
  • Immunology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Children living with HIV (CLWH) have unique immunization needs due to increased risk of vaccine-preventable diseases.
  • Adherence to specific immunization schedules for CLWH in the US is not well understood.
  • This study assesses immunization coverage for HIV-specific and universal vaccines in pediatric HIV clinics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the coverage rates of HIV-specific and universal vaccines among children living with HIV (CLWH) in the US.
  • To identify factors associated with vaccine coverage in this population.
  • To inform strategies for improving immunization adherence in CLWH.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective, cross-sectional study of 238 CLWH (0-18 years) across six US pediatric HIV clinics.
  • Evaluation of coverage for universal vaccines and HIV-specific vaccines (e.g., PPSV23, MenACWY).
  • Statistical analysis using prevalence ratios to assess associations between coverage and demographic/HIV-related factors.

Main Results:

  • HIV-specific vaccine coverage was significantly lower than universal vaccines (e.g., PPSV23 at 25.7%, MenACWY at 46.2%).
  • Older age (7-12 years) was associated with lower PPSV23 coverage compared to younger children (0-6 years).
  • Receiving primary care at an HIV clinic and having Medicaid were associated with higher coverage for certain vaccines (PPSV23, MenACWY).

Conclusions:

  • Significant gaps exist in adhering to recommended HIV-specific immunizations for CLWH.
  • Integrated HIV and primary care services show promise for improving vaccine uptake.
  • Enhanced clinical decision support systems may be crucial for improving immunization coverage in CLWH.