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In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 3, 2026

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Phantom-derived method for improving accurate material decomposition in photon-counting detector CT.

Sam Springer1, Bibi Martens2, Thomas Flohr2,3

  • 1Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands. Smsprngr@gmail.com.

European Radiology Experimental
|April 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Photon-counting detector CT (PCD-CT) spectral imaging offers material separation, but iodine and iron quantification has errors. A new phantom-based correction method significantly reduces these errors, improving accuracy for clinical applications.

Keywords:
Iodine quantificationIron quantificationMaterial decompositionPhantom studyPhoton-counting detector CT

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Radiology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Photon-counting detector CT (PCD-CT) enables spectral imaging and material separation.
  • Accurate quantification of iodine and iron in PCD-CT is challenging due to CT number mismatches and dual-energy ratio (DER) variability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a correction method for iodine and iron quantification in PCD-CT.
  • To address base material CT number mismatches and DER variability.
  • To improve the accuracy of spectral material decomposition in PCD-CT.

Main Methods:

  • A spectral CT abdomen phantom with known iodine and iron concentrations was scanned using a clinical PCD-CT.
  • The correction method utilized high- and low-energy CT numbers of base materials and DER values as inputs.
  • Material concentrations were calculated with and without the correction method and validated against known phantom values.

Main Results:

  • The correction method significantly reduced quantification errors for both iodine and iron.
  • Iodine errors were <5% for concentrations ≥2 mg/mL, and iron errors were <15% for concentrations ≥5 mg/mL.
  • Uncorrected errors reached up to 83% (iodine) and 85% (iron) at low concentrations, reduced to 23% and 47% post-correction.

Conclusions:

  • The developed correction method enhances the accuracy of spectral material decomposition in PCD-CT.
  • This technique supports improved clinical assessment of contrast enhancement, therapy response, and hepatic burden.
  • The phantom-based method offers a practical calibration for reliable iodine and iron quantification.