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Seed dispersal by monk sakis (Pithecia monachus).

Malika Gottstein1,2, Katrin Heer3, Eckhard W Heymann4,5

  • 1Eva Mayr-Stihl Professorship for Forest Genetics, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany. malika.gottstein@forgen.uni-freiburg.de.

Primates; Journal of Primatology
|April 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Monk sakis, often seen as seed predators, can disperse seeds through their digestive tracts. This study found intact seeds in monk saki (Pithecia monachus) feces, highlighting their role in seed dispersal.

Keywords:
EndozoochoryFrugivorySeasonally flooded forestSeed dispersal–predation continuumWestern Amazonia

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Primatology
  • Botany

Background:

  • Animal-seed interactions are complex, challenging a simple antagonistic vs. mutualistic classification.
  • Pitheciine primates are typically viewed as seed predators due to their feeding habits, but may also disperse seeds.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of monk sakis (Pithecia monachus) in seed dispersal.
  • To determine if monk sakis contribute to endozoochorous seed dispersal despite their seed-predating reputation.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 92 fecal samples from monk sakis over one year in western Amazonia.
  • Quantification and identification of intact seeds within fecal samples.

Main Results:

  • 54% of fecal samples contained intact seeds, with up to 17 seeds and 3 morphospecies per sample.
  • 165 intact seeds from 20 morphospecies were recovered, all from small-seeded plants (<1 cm).
  • Floating fecal pellets suggest potential interaction with hydrochorous (water) dispersal.

Conclusions:

  • Monk sakis contribute to seed dispersal via gut passage, occupying a position on the seed dispersal-predation spectrum.
  • Further research is needed on the dispersal potential and ecological significance of seed-predating primates.