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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)01:27

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The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) serves as the primary classification system for mental health disorders, providing standardized diagnostic criteria for clinicians and researchers. First published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) in 1952, the DSM has undergone several revisions to reflect evolving psychiatric understanding. The fifth edition, DSM-5, released in 2013, introduced key updates that expanded diagnostic categories and modified diagnostic...
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Formulating and Validating Nursing Diagnosis I01:26

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A nursing diagnosis is written when the nurse recognizes a cluster of essential patient data indicating health problems treated with independent nursing interventions. The standardized terminologies of a nursing diagnosis help nurses identify and treat patients' problems. Every electronic health record that uses nursing diagnosis must employ standard diagnostic terminology. Developing an efficient, individualized care plan begins with accurate nursing diagnoses.
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The nurse documents nursing diagnoses and enters them into the patient record. The identified patient's nursing diagnosis is either written out with a plan of care or entered into the electronic health record.
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Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...
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Corrigendum to "A Pre-symptomatic phase of tumefactive multiple sclerosis mirrors radiologically isolated syndrome" [Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders 112 (2026) 107312].

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A predictive tool for early treatment escalation after initiation of moderate-efficacy therapy in pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis.

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Updated: Apr 4, 2026

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
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Evolving MS diagnostic criteria: Progress and challenges.

Christine Lebrun-Frenay1

  • 1CRCSEP Neurology, CHU de Nice, UR2CA-URRIS, Nice Côte d'Azur University, Pasteur 2 Hospital, 30, voie Romaine, 06002 Nice, France.

Revue Neurologique
|April 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The 2024 McDonald criteria update for multiple sclerosis (MS) enhances inclusivity for diverse patient groups. New biomarkers and advanced imaging techniques improve diagnostic accuracy for early and atypical MS cases.

Keywords:
BiomarkersCriteriaMultiple sclerosisRadiologically isolated syndrome

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Biomarker Discovery

Background:

  • The McDonald criteria are essential for diagnosing multiple sclerosis (MS).
  • Previous criteria had limitations in inclusivity and diagnostic sensitivity for certain patient populations.
  • Advancements in understanding MS pathophysiology necessitate updated diagnostic guidelines.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present the 2024 update to the McDonald criteria for MS diagnosis.
  • To enhance inclusivity for paediatric, elderly, and comorbid patients.
  • To incorporate novel biomarkers and advanced imaging for improved diagnostic accuracy.

Main Methods:

  • Emphasis on objective evidence of central nervous system (CNS) involvement.
  • Inclusion of new biomarkers: cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) kappa-free light chains.
  • Integration of advanced MRI techniques: central vein sign, paramagnetic rim lesions.

Main Results:

  • The updated criteria are more inclusive, covering paediatric, elderly, and atypical MS cases.
  • New biomarkers like CSF kappa-free light chains offer improved reproducibility and cost-effectiveness.
  • Radiologically Isolated Syndrome (RIS) may be classified as preclinical MS with specific biomarker confirmation.

Conclusions:

  • The 2024 McDonald criteria represent a significant advancement in MS diagnosis.
  • The criteria facilitate earlier and more accurate diagnosis across a broader patient spectrum.
  • Expertise and specific biomarkers are crucial for accurate diagnosis, especially in complex cases.