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Related Concept Videos

Biopharmaceutical Factors Influencing Drug Product Design: Overview01:22

Biopharmaceutical Factors Influencing Drug Product Design: Overview

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Rational drug product design integrates knowledge of the drug’s physicochemical properties, formulation components, manufacturing techniques, and intended route of administration. Each factor influences the drug’s performance, including how it is released, absorbed, and eliminated in the body.The physicochemical properties of a drug—such as solubility, stability, and particle size—affect its compatibility with excipients and the choice of dosage form. Excipients, though...
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Upstream Processing01:27

Upstream Processing

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Upstream processing represents a critical phase in biomanufacturing, wherein biological systems such as microorganisms, mammalian cells, or insect cells are cultivated to produce therapeutic proteins, vaccines, enzymes, or other biologically derived products. This phase encompasses all steps from the selection and genetic manipulation of the production organism to the cultivation of cells in bioreactors under tightly controlled environmental conditions.Host Selection and Genetic OptimizationThe...
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Production of Pharmaceuticals01:30

Production of Pharmaceuticals

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Industrial insulin production uses genetically engineered E. coli expressing a proinsulin gene controlled by a tryptophan promoter and containing a methionine linker for later cleavage. The cells also carry ampicillin resistance for selective growth. Seed cultures are stored at −80 °C and production begins by thawing a small amount to inoculate starter cultures, which are progressively scaled to a 50,000-L bioreactor. In the bioreactor, E. coli grow in nutrient-rich media under...
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Designing Growth Media for Bioreactors01:30

Designing Growth Media for Bioreactors

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Growth media provide essential nutrients that support cell growth and metabolism, thereby enhancing the yield of valuable products such as enzymes, antibiotics, and biomass. Designing an effective growth medium involves balancing all components to prevent nutrient limitations or toxic excesses, both of which can impair growth and reduce product yields.Composition of a Typical Growth MediumA typical growth medium contains carbon and nitrogen sources, salts, vitamins, trace elements, and...
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Scale-Up Processes01:14

Scale-Up Processes

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The scale-up of microbial fermentation processes is essential in industrial biotechnology, allowing the transition from laboratory-scale experiments to commercial-scale production while aiming to maintain product yield and quality. This process requires meticulous adjustment of equipment design, process parameters, and contamination control strategies to accommodate increasing culture volumes.At the laboratory scale, cultures are typically maintained in 1 to 10-liter glass or autoclavable...
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Bioreactor Design and Operational System

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Bioreactors are engineered vessels designed to cultivate microorganisms under controlled conditions for industrial bioprocessing. They maintain sterility and allow precise regulation of pH, temperature, oxygen, and nutrient levels to optimize microbial growth and metabolite production. Bioreactors range from small laboratory units of 1 liter to industrial systems holding up to 500,000 liters, though only about 75% of their volume is actively used for fermentation. The remaining headspace...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 4, 2026

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Cofactor engineering powers next-generation biomanufacturing.

Zhiyi Lu1, Zushuang Zhang1, Peng Chen1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.

Trends in Biotechnology
|April 2, 2026
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Summary

Cofactor engineering overcomes energy cofactor limitations in biomanufacturing. Advanced strategies enable high-yield production of diverse chemicals, advancing sustainable biomanufacturing.

Keywords:
biomanufacturingcofactor engineeringelectro-enzymatic synthesisenzyme immobilizationlight-driven biocatalysisorthogonal cofactor systems

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Metabolic Engineering
  • Green Chemistry

Background:

  • Cellular energy cofactors like NAD(P)H and ATP are crucial for bioproduction but often limited.
  • The demand for efficient bioproduction exceeds the natural supply and regeneration capacity of these cofactors.
  • This bottleneck restricts yields, purity, and scalability in current biomanufacturing processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advanced cofactor engineering strategies for green biomanufacturing.
  • To highlight methods that overcome cofactor limitations for enhanced bioproduction.
  • To discuss the potential of cofactor engineering for sustainable chemical synthesis.

Main Methods:

  • Orthogonal systems separating product synthesis from basal metabolism.
  • External energy sources (light, electricity) for cofactor regeneration.
  • Material-enabled immobilization techniques for scalable bioprocesses.

Main Results:

  • High-yield production of diverse compounds, including pharmaceuticals and bulk chemicals.
  • Overcoming limitations in yield, purity, and industrial scalability.
  • Demonstration of cofactor engineering's advantage over conventional fermentation.

Conclusions:

  • Cofactor engineering offers versatile solutions for sustainable biomanufacturing.
  • Addressing process stability and economic viability are key challenges.
  • This field is poised to drive next-generation bioproduction of valuable chemicals.