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Subsistence transition preceded population turnover in the eastern Colombian Andes.

Kendra Sirak1,2, Miguel Delgado3,4, Angélica Triana5

  • 1Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.

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Summary

Ancient DNA reveals five millennia of population continuity in Colombia, with maize adoption preceding population turnover. A major ancestry shift occurred later, linked to migrations and cultural changes in the Herrera and Muisca periods.

Keywords:
Herrera PeriodMuisca PeriodNorthern Andesancient DNAdietary transitionhunter-gatherers

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Area of Science:

  • * Paleogenomics and population genetics
  • * Archaeology and anthropology of South America
  • * Human dispersals and cultural evolution in the Holocene

Background:

  • * Northwest South America, particularly the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in Colombia, is crucial for understanding Holocene human dispersals and cultural exchanges.
  • * This region possesses a rich archaeological record spanning from the late Pleistocene to the late Holocene Muisca chiefdoms.
  • * Previous ancient DNA studies identified a population turnover but lacked data for a critical period (6000-2000 BP), leaving the nature of the shift unresolved.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To reconstruct the population history of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense over 7000 years using ancient DNA.
  • * To investigate the relationship between subsistence changes (maize adoption) and population dynamics.
  • * To identify the ancestry of populations associated with the Herrera and Muisca cultures.

Main Methods:

  • * Generation of genome-wide ancient DNA data from 209 individuals spanning over 7000 years.
  • * Radiocarbon dating and stable isotope analysis (δ¹³C) to determine diet.
  • * Population genetic analyses, including admixture proportions and phylogenetic relationships, compared with modern Native American populations.

Main Results:

  • * A persistent lineage of hunter-gatherers existed for over five millennia with no significant external gene flow.
  • * Individuals predating the Herrera Period (~2800 years ago) showed maize in their diet without evidence of population replacement.
  • * A sharp genetic discontinuity emerged around 2200 BP with the arrival of a new population admixed between Chibchan-related groups and Amazonian-Andean populations, coinciding with the Herrera culture.

Conclusions:

  • * Subsistence strategies, such as maize adoption, could change independently of population replacement.
  • * The emergence of the Herrera culture was associated with a significant migration event and population turnover.
  • * Later populations in the Altiplano Cundiboyacense derive ancestry from admixture events involving groups related to lower Central American Chibchan speakers and Amazonian-Andean populations.