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Related Concept Videos

Translation01:31

Translation

22.4K
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...
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Translation01:31

Translation

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Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of...
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RNA Editing02:23

RNA Editing

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RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
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Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

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One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...
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Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

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Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 4, 2026

Discrimintion and Mapping of the Primary and Processed Transcripts in Maize Mitochondrion Using a Circular RT-PCR-based Strategy
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Pathogenic human mitochondrial tRNA variants impair RNA processing by compromising 5' leader removal.

Jubilee H Muñozvilla1, Avery Ontiveros1, Tatiana V Mishanina1

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Human mitochondrial transfer RNAs (tRNAs) act as punctuation, guiding RNase processing of gene transcripts. Variations near the tRNA acceptor stem disrupt this processing, impacting mitochondrial function and disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The human mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) encodes essential oxidative phosphorylation proteins and RNAs.
  • Polycistronic transcripts are processed by mitochondrial RNases, with tRNAs acting as processing signals.
  • Mutations in mitochondrial tRNA genes are linked to pathologies, but their processing impact is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of human mitochondrial tRNA sequence variations on RNase-catalyzed processing.
  • To use tRNA Tyr as a model to study 5' leader and 3' trailer hydrolysis defects.
  • To establish a framework for predicting variant effects on mitochondrial tRNA processing.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro assays using human mitochondrial tRNA Tyr variants.
  • Analysis of 5' leader and 3' trailer hydrolysis by mitochondrial RNases.
  • Assessment of tRNA release in tandem tRNA clusters.

Main Results:

  • Nucleotide variations near catalytic interfaces, especially in the acceptor stem, caused significant processing defects.
  • These variations impaired 5' processing and prevented downstream tRNA release in tandem clusters.
  • Structural position relative to processing enzymes correlates with processing efficiency.

Conclusions:

  • Mitochondrial tRNA sequence variations disrupt RNase-mediated processing.
  • Defects in tRNA processing contribute to mtDNA-linked pathologies.
  • This study provides mechanistic insights and a predictive framework for variant effects.