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Ankle Joint01:10

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The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
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Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
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The muscles of the forearm that move the wrist, hand, and digits are numerous and diverse. They can be classified into two groups based on their location and function — the anterior and posterior compartment muscles.
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Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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Updated: Apr 4, 2026

Metacarpal Small Incision for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
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Current Concepts: Lesser Digit Carpometacarpal Joint Fracture-Dislocations.

Remy V Rabinovich1, Elizabeth Tell2, Daniel B Polatsch1

  • 1Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New York Hand & Wrist Center of Lenox Hill, Northwell Health, New York, NY.

The Journal of Hand Surgery
|April 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Carpometacarpal (CMC) fractures and dislocations are often missed injuries. Early diagnosis and treatment, including surgical options, are crucial for optimal outcomes in lesser digit CMC joint injuries.

Keywords:
Boxer’s fractureCMC fracturehand fracturemetacarpal fracture

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Trauma Care
  • Hand Surgery

Background:

  • Carpometacarpal (CMC) fractures and dislocations are frequently unrecognized injuries.
  • Delayed diagnosis and treatment of CMC injuries can result in poor patient outcomes.
  • High-energy trauma or a direct blow to a closed fist commonly causes these injuries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of current concepts in the evaluation and management of acute and subacute lesser digit CMC joint injuries.
  • To highlight key anatomical structures, appropriate imaging techniques, and available treatment strategies for CMC joint injuries.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on lesser digit carpometacarpal joint injuries.
  • Discussion of diagnostic approaches including physical examination and imaging.
  • Analysis of both non-surgical and surgical management options.

Main Results:

  • Early recognition and intervention are vital for managing CMC fractures and dislocations.
  • While closed management may be suitable for early, recognized injuries, surgical reduction and stabilization are frequently required.
  • Various percutaneous and open reduction internal fixation techniques are available for surgical management.

Conclusions:

  • A high index of suspicion is necessary for diagnosing CMC injuries.
  • Comprehensive evaluation involving thorough physical examination and appropriate imaging is essential.
  • Treatment decisions for lesser digit CMC injuries should consider the timing of presentation and injury severity, with surgical intervention often being the preferred approach for optimal functional recovery.