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Genome Copying Errors

Genome Copying Errors

DNA replication is a well-evolved process that copies millions of base pairs with high fidelity during each cell division. Occasionally a wrong base or a long stretch of wrong bases may get added to the daughter strands. If the errors are left unchecked, cells might accumulate several mutations that might endanger their survival. Therefore, the copying errors are checked and repaired at three levels.

Overview of DNA Repair

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In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
Chemically...

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Proofreading

Proofreading

Synthesis of new DNA molecules is carried out by the enzyme DNA polymerase, which adds nucleotides on the daughter strand complementary to the template DNA strand. DNA polymerase has a higher affinity to add the correct base and ensures fidelity during DNA replication. Furthermore, it exhibits proofreading activity during replication, using an exonuclease domain that cuts off incorrect nucleotides from the nascent DNA strand.
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Proofreading

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The double-stranded structure of DNA has two major advantages. First, it serves as a safe repository of genetic information where one strand serves as the back-up in case the other strand is damaged. Second, the double-helical structure can be wrapped around proteins called histones to form nucleosomes, which can then be tightly wound to form chromosomes. This way, DNA chains up to 2 inches long can be contained within microscopic structures in a cell. A double-stranded break not only damages...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 5, 2026

Rare Event Detection Using Error-corrected DNA and RNA Sequencing

Rare Event Detection Using Error-corrected DNA and RNA Sequencing

Published on: August 3, 2018

Gungnir codec enabling high error-tolerance and low-redundancy DNA storage through substantial computing power.

Jingcheng Zhang¹, Lei Chen¹, Jinlin Sun¹

¹School of Computing and Data Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.

Nature Communications

|April 3, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

DNA data storage is promising but error-prone. Gungnir, a new codec, uses proof-of-work to correct errors, enabling reliable data recovery from damaged DNA sequences and reducing storage costs.

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Area of Science:

Biotechnology
Data Storage
Bioinformatics

Background:

DNA offers high-density, durable archival storage.
Current DNA data storage methods struggle with errors from synthesis, storage, and sequencing.

Purpose of the Study:

Introduce Gungnir, a novel codec system for DNA data storage.
Enhance error correction and data recovery in DNA sequences.
Address practical challenges in DNA data storage, including biochemical constraints.

Main Methods:

Developed Gungnir, a codec system employing a proof-of-work approach.
Utilized hash signatures for data fragment error checking and correction.
Incorporated biochemical constraints (GC-content, homopolymers, motifs) into the encoding process for practical application, especially with nanopore sequencing.

Main Results:

Gungnir demonstrates superior error resilience compared to existing methods.
Achieved complete binary data recovery from a single DNA sequence with 20% errors.
Validated through in silico benchmarking.

Conclusions:

Gungnir effectively corrects substitution, insertion, and deletion errors in DNA sequences.
Reduces the need for redundant copies and high-coverage sequencing, lowering DNA data storage costs.
Enhances the feasibility of DNA as a practical archival storage medium.