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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

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Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
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Development of Human Microbiota01:30

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The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from...
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The large intestine hosts the most densely populated microbial ecosystem in the human body. This complex community primarily consists of anaerobic bacteria, with Bacillota (formerly Firmicutes) and Bacteroidota (formerly Bacteroidetes) as the predominant groups. The distribution of these microbes varies along different sections of the large intestine, influenced by local environmental factors such as oxygen availability and nutrient composition.The cecum, located at the beginning of the large...
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The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract is characterized by distinct physicochemical conditions that shape its microbial communities. Among these, the stomach presents a particularly challenging environment for microbial colonization due to its highly acidic pH, ranging from 1 to 3. This extreme acidity effectively limits microbial density. However, certain acid-tolerant microorganisms are capable of surviving in this niche. Notably, Helicobacter pylori can colonize the gastric mucosa,...
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Functions of the Gut Microbiota01:18

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The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
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The Skin Microbiota01:27

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The human skin serves as a complex ecosystem inhabited by a diverse community of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This microbiome plays a critical role in maintaining skin health and defending against pathogenic invaders. The composition of microbial communities varies significantly across different regions of the body, influenced primarily by the local levels of moisture and sebum.Regional Variation in Skin MicrobiotaCutibacterium acnes predominantly colonizes sebaceous...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 5, 2026

Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
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Multi-Omic Insights Into Mediterranean Diet-Associated Microbiota.

Andrea Alvarez-Sala1, Nuria Jiménez-Hernández2,3, Alejandro Artacho2

  • 1Departamento De Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain.

Molecular Nutrition & Food Research
|April 4, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Mediterranean diet significantly alters gut microbial and fungal communities. High adherence promotes beneficial bacteria and enhances gut metabolic activity, potentially boosting immune response.

Keywords:
Mediterranean dietgene expressiongut microbiomemetagenomicsmetataxonomicsmetatranscriptomicsmycobiome

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiome research
  • Nutritional science
  • Metagenomics

Background:

  • Diet profoundly influences gut microbiota and mycobiota composition.
  • The Mediterranean diet (MD) is associated with numerous health benefits.
  • Understanding the impact of MD adherence on gut microbial and fungal communities is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the gut microbiota and mycobiota composition in relation to Mediterranean diet adherence.
  • To investigate gene expression levels in the bacterial community using metagenomics and metatranscriptomics.
  • To identify microbial and fungal biomarkers associated with high and low MD adherence.

Main Methods:

  • Metataxonomics, metagenomics, and metatranscriptomics were employed.
  • Two groups of healthy subjects with distinct MD adherence levels were analyzed.
  • Statistical analyses identified discriminant dietary components and microbial/fungal biomarkers.

Main Results:

  • Significant differences in gut microbiota and mycobiota composition were observed between high (HAMD) and low (LAMD) adherence groups.
  • Olive oil, vegetable, and fruit consumption were key discriminators.
  • Aspergillus (LAMD) and Yarrowia (HAMD) were identified as biomarkers, with HAMD showing higher microbial metabolic activity and protein synthesis.

Conclusions:

  • Mediterranean diet adherence significantly shapes the gut microbiome and mycobiome.
  • High adherence is linked to a more metabolically active gut microbiota with potential immune-enhancing properties.
  • Further metatranscriptomic studies are needed to elucidate diet-microbiota interactions and their health implications.