Targeting mitochondrial dynamics against cancer

Although cancer treatment has improved, many patients exhibit limited responses due to the intrinsic heterogeneity and adaptability of tumors, coupled with immunosuppressive conditions in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Mitochondrial dynamics, characterized by continuous fusion and fission, influences cellular processes such as metabolism, cell cycle, cell death, and stemness, thereby profoundly shaping tumor cell evolution and TME plasticity. In this review, we summarize recent advances regarding the roles of mitochondrial dynamics in cancer biology and discuss how it regulates the behavior of both tumor cells and tumor-associated immune cells in the TME. We propose that targeting mitochondrial dynamics represents a dual therapeutic strategy that disrupts core oncogenic programs while potentiating antitumor immunity, offering a promising direction for future cancer treatment.