Traumatic brain injury-related stigma among intimate partner violence survivors

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is common among survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV), yet little is known about TBI-related stigma in this population. This qualitative study explores how such stigma affects IPV survivors, building on broader research showing its impact on recovery.

We conducted individual interviews with IPV survivors with TBI. We analyzed the data using hybrid inductive-deductive thematic analysis.

We interviewed 20 women (mean age = 44 years, SD: 8.7, range 31-60), including 14 English speakers and 6 Spanish speakers. The largest subgroup (n = 7, 35%) had sustained four TBI's. We identified seven themes spanning three levels: A) Societal, B) Interpersonal, and C) Intrapersonal. At the societal level, the themes were: 1) Stigma across sectors, not limited to healthcare, and 2) Overlapping stigmas with mental health challenges. At the interpersonal level: 3) Interpersonal conflict due to negative attitudes and behaviors, and 4) Lack of understanding about TBI and symptoms. At the intrapersonal level: 5) TBI-related symptoms contributing to shame and self-discrepancy, and 6) Challenges with acceptance of TBI. The final theme cut across all levels: 7) Validation of experience as critical to post-TBI recovery.

To support IPV survivors with TBI, practitioners must address and reduce stigma.