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Controllable Protein Design by Prefix-Tuning Protein Language Models.

Jiawei Luo1, Jiahao Li1, Xianliang Liu1

  • 1School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055 Guangdong, China.

Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling
|April 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

PrefixProt enables controllable protein design using virtual tokens for tailored functions. This framework efficiently generates proteins with desired structures and activities, advancing drug discovery.

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Area of Science:

  • Computational biology
  • Protein engineering
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Designing novel proteins with specific functions is crucial for tackling biomedical challenges.
  • Existing methods for protein design can be limited in scope and efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce PrefixProt, a novel framework for controllable protein design.
  • To enable multiobjective control over protein generation using adaptive virtual tokens.

Main Methods:

  • PrefixProt utilizes prefix-tuning to learn virtual tokens as control tags.
  • These virtual tokens are data-driven and combinatorially integrated for multiobjective control.
  • The framework was validated through experiments on protein structure and function design.

Main Results:

  • PrefixProt efficiently guides protein language models (ProtLM) by optimizing fewer parameters.
  • It outperforms other parameter-efficient fine-tuning methods and text-guided ProtLMs, especially with limited data.
  • The framework successfully generated proteins with multiple target properties, expanding design possibilities.

Conclusions:

  • PrefixProt offers a robust and flexible framework for de novo protein design.
  • The approach shows significant promise for applications in drug discovery and biomedicine.