Pathogen effector tactics to suppress plant endomembrane system

Plants have evolved sophisticated defense mechanisms to counter pathogen invasion, including the production of antimicrobial compounds, regulation of defense-related protein expression, and the synthesis of defense hormones across various subcellular organelles. While the significant contribution of organelle functions in plant immunity is increasingly recognized, the specific roles of these organelles in the immune response remain poorly understood. Recent studies have revealed that pathogen effectors from diverse microbes such as fungi, oomycetes, and bacteria localize within various organelles. These effectors target host proteins to manipulate the plant immune system, underscoring the crucial role of organelle functions in plant immunity. This review not only focuses on the localization of effectors within subcellular organelles, excluding the nucleus, but also explores the implications of organelle functions in the plant immune response. Gaining a deeper understanding of how these effectors interact with their targets in specific organelles will pave the way for developing disease-resistant plants.