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Humanistic Psychology01:24

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Humanistic psychology emerged in the mid-20th century as a response to the deterministic and pessimistic nature of behaviorism and psychoanalysis. While behaviorism focused on observable behaviors influenced by the environment and psychoanalysis delved into unconscious motivations, both theories suggested that human actions lacked free will. In contrast, humanistic psychology offers a perspective that emphasizes the innate potential for goodness and growth within every individual.
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Humans engage in aggression when they seek to cause harm or pain to another person. Aggression takes two forms depending on one’s motives: hostile or instrumental. Hostile aggression is motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain; a fight in a bar with a stranger is an example of hostile aggression. In contrast, instrumental aggression is motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain (Berkowitz, 1993); a contract killer who murders for...
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Humanistic Optimal Functioning Predicts Low Youth Violence.

Roger G Tweed1, Gira Bhatt1, Stephen Dooley2

  • 1Kwantlen Polytechnic University, Surrey, BC, Canada.

Journal of Humanistic Psychology
|April 6, 2026
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Summary

Humanistic traits like authenticity and gratitude predict reduced youth violence over six months. However, resisting external influence unexpectedly correlated with increased aggression in this study.

Keywords:
aggressionat riskauthenticitygratitudehumanisticpositive regardviolence

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Criminology
  • Sociology

Background:

  • Youth violence is a significant societal concern.
  • Understanding predictors of violence is crucial for prevention.
  • Humanistic psychology offers a framework for studying positive functioning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if humanistic optimal functioning indicators predict lower youth violence.
  • To examine the relationship between authenticity, positive regard, and violent behaviors over six months.
  • To explore if these relationships differ for at-risk youth.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal study with 346 adolescents (aged 12-14).
  • Assessed authenticity and positive regard (trust, forgiveness, gratitude) at baseline.
  • Measured violence, offenses, and aggression (teacher-rated for some) after six months.

Main Results:

  • Authentic living, trust, forgiveness, and gratitude predicted lower violence indicators.
  • These humanistic predictors were stronger for youth at elevated violence risk.
  • Resisting external influence, a subtype of authenticity, unexpectedly predicted higher violence.

Conclusions:

  • Humanistic factors show promise in understanding and potentially mitigating youth violence.
  • Targeting specific humanistic traits may be beneficial for violence prevention programs.
  • Further research is needed to understand complex aspects of authenticity in relation to aggression.