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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 7, 2026

Dual-mode Imaging of Cutaneous Tissue Oxygenation and Vascular Function
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Integrated Sensor-Composite Material Platform for High-Resolution Voltage Mapping in Tissue-Mimicking Models.

Kajal C Jain1, Richa Srivastava1, Armin Jamali1,2

  • 1Laboratory for Design of Microsystems, Department of Microsystems Engineering - IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Freiburg Im Breisgau 79110, Germany.

ACS Omega
|April 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary

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A novel sensor platform improves voltage mapping accuracy in tissue-mimicking materials (TMMs) for electrical stimulation therapies. This advancement enhances spatial resolution and reduces artifacts, aiding in device design and validation.

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Accurate voltage mapping in tissue-mimicking materials (TMMs) is crucial for electrical stimulation therapies.
  • Conventional phantoms have limitations in spatial resolution and mapping accuracy due to electrode design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a scalable sensor platform for high-resolution voltage mapping in TMMs.
  • To overcome limitations of existing embedded electrode approaches for improved mapping accuracy.

Main Methods:

  • Developed custom copper sensor arrays (1.6 mm diameter) with dielectric encapsulation.
  • Embedded sensors in conductive PDMS/MWCNT composites (∼0.24 S/m) within TMMs.
  • Utilized a multiplexed electronic interface for automated, high-density voltage mapping.

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Main Results:

  • Achieved high-resolution, symmetric voltage maps with minimal artifacts.
  • Demonstrated accurate voltage distribution visualization under AC stimulation (100 Hz, 0.7-1 Vpp).
  • Platform allows flexible sensor placement and precise coordinate knowledge.

Conclusions:

  • The sensor platform significantly enhances spatial resolution and mapping accuracy in TMMs.
  • Enables precise visualization of voltage distributions for inferring local electric fields.
  • Supports preclinical development, validation, and calibration of electrical stimulation protocols.