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Thermal-Treated α-Bi2O3 Electrocatalyst for Efficient CO2 Electroreduction toward Formate.

Jing Zhao1,2, Yangning Zhang2,3, Tuo Wang2,3,4,5,6

  • 1Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Clean Conversion and High Value Utilization of Biomass Resources, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yili Normal University, 448 Jiefang Road, Yining 835000, China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|April 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Thermal treatment of bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) enhances its performance in electrochemical CO2 reduction, yielding high formate selectivity and stability. This optimization addresses structural instability in bismuth-based catalysts for CO2 conversion.

Keywords:
Bi−O structureelectrochemical CO2 reductionformateselectivityα-Bi2O3

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Electrochemical CO2 reduction (CO2RR) offers a sustainable route for converting CO2 into valuable products.
  • Bismuth (Bi)-based electrocatalysts show promise for CO2RR to formate (HCOO-), but often suffer from structural instability.
  • This instability leads to decreased activity and selectivity during the reaction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a thermal treatment strategy for tuning the catalytic properties of α-Bi2O3 for enhanced CO2RR.
  • To investigate the structural and mechanistic factors responsible for improved performance in Bi-based electrocatalysts.
  • To provide insights into the selective formation of formate (HCOO-) via CO2 reduction.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of α-Bi2O3 electrocatalyst.
  • Optimization of the electrocatalyst through controlled thermal treatment (Bi-400).
  • Electrochemical characterization including Faradaic efficiency measurements and long-term stability tests.
  • In-depth structural and mechanistic studies (e.g., XPS, in-situ/operando techniques).

Main Results:

  • The thermally optimized Bi-400 electrocatalyst achieved a high Faradaic efficiency of 93.0% for HCOO- production at -0.95 V vs RHE.
  • The catalyst demonstrated excellent operational stability, maintaining performance over 70 hours.
  • Preserved Bi-O motifs in Bi-400 were identified as crucial for facilitating CO2 activation and optimizing the binding of the *OCHO intermediate.

Conclusions:

  • Thermal treatment is an effective method to enhance the stability and performance of Bi-based electrocatalysts for CO2RR.
  • The optimized Bi-400 catalyst significantly improves activity and selectivity towards formate production.
  • Understanding the role of preserved structural motifs provides a pathway for designing advanced electrocatalysts for CO2 conversion.