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Diverging drivers' visual attention and search behavior in closely spaced tunnel-interchange structures: a field
Shuang Luo1,2, Kuan Chen1, Ruilin Chen1
1College of Traffic and Transportation, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, China.
Traffic Injury Prevention
|April 6, 2026
Summary
Drivers navigating closely spaced tunnel-interchange (CSTI) structures exhibit faster but less efficient visual search. Reduced distances decrease driver attention engagement while increasing search pace, informing sign placement for safer mountain freeway driving.
Area of Science:
- Traffic Engineering
- Human Factors in Transportation
- Road Safety
Background:
- Closely spaced tunnel-interchange (CSTI) structures are common in mountain freeways due to geographical and economic constraints.
- Understanding driver behavior in these complex environments is crucial for enhancing road safety.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the visual attention and search patterns of drivers performing diverging maneuvers after exiting tunnels in CSTI structures.
- To compare driver visual behavior in CSTI structures versus conventional interchanges.
Main Methods:
- An on-road experiment collected eye movement data from drivers at four CSTI structures and one conventional interchange.
- K-means++ and DBSCAN algorithms segmented drivers' areas of interest (AOIs).
- Visual attention engagement was assessed using fixation duration and frequency; visual search behavior was analyzed using saccade metrics and gaze transition entropy.
Main Results:
- Primary AOIs for drivers in CSTI structures included near-forward, far-forward, and overhead roadway areas.
- Drivers in CSTI structures displayed faster but less efficient visual search compared to those in conventional interchanges.
- Decreasing net distance in CSTI structures led to reduced driver attention engagement and increased visual search pace.
Conclusions:
- Diverging drivers adapt their visual attention and search strategies to navigate CSTI structures.
- Findings provide valuable insights for the design and placement of guide signs within CSTI structures to improve driver guidance and safety.
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