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Related Concept Videos

Menopause01:28

Menopause

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Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
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Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

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The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH...
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Hormonal Regulation01:33

Hormonal Regulation

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The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
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Hormonal Regulation01:40

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Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and...
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Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

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The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
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Updated: Apr 8, 2026

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
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Demystifying menopausal hormone therapy prescribing.

Karen Magraith1, Christina Jang2

  • 1BMBS, FRACGP, General Practitioner, General Practice Plus, South Hobart, Tas; Clinical Senior Lecturer, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas; President, Australasian Menopause Society, Healesville, Vic.

Australian Journal of General Practice
|April 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) can alleviate vasomotor symptoms and reduce osteoporosis risk. A personalized approach considering risks, benefits, and contraindications is essential for effective MHT prescription.

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive endocrinology and women's health.

Background:

  • Menopause and perimenopause significantly impact quality of life due to vasomotor and other symptoms.
  • Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) is effective in managing menopausal symptoms and preventing bone loss.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an updated overview of Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) prescribing principles.
  • To detail the risks, benefits, and individualized treatment strategies for MHT.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature and clinical guidelines on MHT.
  • Focus on comprehensive patient assessment and risk-benefit analysis.

Main Results:

  • MHT effectively manages menopausal symptoms and reduces osteoporosis and fracture risks.
  • Individualized MHT regimens, including systemic estrogen and progestogen for women with a uterus, are recommended.

Conclusions:

  • Women approaching menopause require thorough health screening and lifestyle promotion.
  • MHT is a viable option for symptomatic women without contraindications, after informed discussion.
  • Treatment decisions for MHT should be tailored to individual patient needs and health profiles.