The eukaryotic homology search complex distorts donor DNA structure to probe for homology

Homologous recombination (HR) is a DNA double-strand break repair pathway that facilitates genetic exchange and protects damaged replication forks during DNA synthesis. As a template-based repair process, the successful repair of a double-strand break depends on locating suitable homology from a donor DNA sequence elsewhere in the genome. In eukaryotes, Rad51 catalyzes the homology search in coordination with the ATP-dependent motor protein Rad54. The mechanism by which these two proteins regulate forces on dsDNA substrates during homology search remains unknown. Here, we have utilized single-molecule magnetic tweezers and optical trapping methods to monitor remodeling of the DNA template during the homology search. We found that the activity of Rad51 and Rad54 remodels the donor DNA substrate to control the association and dissociation of Rad51-ssDNA filaments in the absence of DNA homology. The mechanism is through the generation of short, isolated, underwound DNA loops extruded by the homology search complex composed of Rad51 and Rad54. Finally, failure of Rad54 to act processively disrupts target selection in vivo. This study provides a basic understanding of how motorized homology search manipulates the donor DNA during the search for a suitable repair template.