Beyond Biomass: How Interactions Shape Species' Contribution to Ecosystem Functioning

Assessing the functional role of species in a changing world is critical for effectively preserving ecosystems. Intuitively, this role should relate to how the loss of a species ultimately impacts a function. We introduce the notion of a species dynamic contribution, which takes into account biotic interactions as they develop in the community. Contrary to the static contribution-a measure of what a species directly does-the dynamic contribution captures what the presence of the species causes. Using both model simulations and empirical data from a ciliate microcosm experiment, we demonstrate that dynamic and static contributions of species are generically unrelated. Our novel characterisation of species' functional contributions reveals that, due to biotic interactions, rare species that do not possess unique functional traits are just as likely as any other species to play an important role for ecosystem functioning.