Inflammatory Signatures and Biomarkers: The Renal-Vesical Axis in Alzheimer Progression

Alzheimer disease (AD) has long been viewed as a disorder confined to the central nervous system. Accumulating evidence, however, indicates that systemic inflammation and peripheral organ dysfunction are closely linked to disease progression. Notably, the bladder and kidney have emerged as peripheral organs that respond sensitively to neuroinflammation and systemic inflammatory signaling. In this review, we synthesize current evidence supporting a bladder-kidney-brain axis in AD, with emphasis on inflammatory pathways that connect central neurodegeneration with peripheral organ responses. We categorize biomarkers reflecting functional alterations, cellular stress responses, and tissue injury in the bladder and kidney, highlighting mediators reported in both organs. Importantly, many of these biomarkers are measurable in serum and urine, offering accessible peripheral readouts of AD-associated systemic pathology. This integrated framework underscores the biological relevance of urological organs in AD progression and provides a conceptual basis for identifying peripheral signatures associated with early disease-related changes.