MOGAD update: new phenotypes in the expanding clinical spectrum

Area of Science:

• Neuroimmunology
• Neurology
• Autoimmune Diseases

Background:

• Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) typically presents with optic neuritis, transverse myelitis, and encephalitis.
• Recent findings suggest MOGAD has broader clinical phenotypes, affecting age of onset, disease progression, and recovery.
• Understanding these variations is crucial for managing MOGAD.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review less common clinical manifestations of MOGAD.
• To facilitate earlier diagnosis and more effective treatment for individuals with MOGAD.
• To encourage further research into MOGAD's pathobiology.

Main Methods:

• Case-based review format.
• Analysis of recent publications on MOGAD phenotypes.
• Highlighting atypical disease presentations.

Main Results:

• MOGAD can present with phenotypes beyond typical optic neuritis and transverse myelitis.
• New insights challenge previous assumptions about MOGAD onset, progression, and recovery.
• Less common manifestations are emerging and require recognition.

Conclusions:

• Recognizing atypical MOGAD presentations is key for timely diagnosis and treatment.
• Further exploration of MOGAD's diverse clinical spectrum is needed.
• Understanding MOGAD's pathobiology may be advanced through studying less common forms.