Genetic and bioprocess engineering strategies for microbial alginate production

Alginate, a natural polysaccharide renowned for its unique gel-forming properties, is widely used across diverse industries including food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and materials. However, conventional industrial methods for alginate production face several challenges, such as the instability of raw materials, high energy consumption, and difficulties in controlling product quality. In contrast, microbial synthesis of alginate presents a promising alternative owing to its high efficiency, environmental benefits, and structural controllability while industrial-scale production remains a challenge. The primary microorganisms involved in alginate biosynthesis are Pseudomonas spp. and Azotobacter spp., both of which are known for their ability to produce alginate in large quantities. Over the years, significant advancements have been made in understanding the biological metabolic pathways of alginate synthesis. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the most recent advancements in alginate biosynthesis research. It critically examines the key biochemical pathways involved in alginate production, along with the regulatory mechanisms that govern these processes. Furthermore, the review explores the biotechnological strategies employed for the microbial production of alginate, focusing on their application in industrial-scale bioprocesses. By synthesizing current knowledge, this work offers valuable insights into both the molecular foundations and the practical approaches for optimizing alginate production in industrial settings.