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Related Concept Videos

piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs02:57

piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs

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PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
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RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...
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Translational Regulation01:29

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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 8, 2026

Investigating Interactions Between Histone Modifying Enzymes and Transcription Factors in vivo by Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer
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DRB4-dependent trans-acting siRNAs regulate lemma polarity development in rice.

Jing You1, Jianyan Mu1, Bingyu Ning1

  • 1Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Improvement, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.

The New Phytologist
|April 7, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Researchers identified a key gene, DRB4, essential for normal rice glume development. This discovery reveals a new regulatory pathway controlling floral organ polarity and grain yield.

Keywords:
double‐stranded RNA‐binding proteinlemma developmentpolarity developmentriceta‐siRNA biogenesis

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Molecular Genetics
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Glume development is crucial for rice grain morphology, quality, and yield.
  • Regulatory mechanisms controlling rice lemma development are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Identify genes regulating rice lemma polarity.
  • Elucidate the molecular mechanisms controlling glume development.

Main Methods:

  • Rice mutant screening (drb4).
  • Gene expression analysis.
  • Biochemical assays.
  • Genetic analysis.

Main Results:

  • A mutant defective in lemma polarity (drb4) was identified, showing abnormal lemma development.
  • DRB4 encodes a double-stranded RNA-binding protein involved in ta-siRNA biosynthesis.
  • DRB4 interacts with OsDCL4, reducing ta-siRNA (tasiR-ARF) synthesis and affecting downstream OsARF gene expression.
  • This leads to abnormal lemma polarity.

Conclusions:

  • A novel DRB4-OsDCL4-tasiR-ARF-OsARF module precisely controls rice lemma polarity.
  • This pathway is vital for normal glume development and provides insights into floral organogenesis.