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Related Concept Videos

Decreased Body Temperature01:29

Decreased Body Temperature

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A decreased body temperature can occur in patients with hypothermia and frostbite. Heat loss with extended cold exposure overpowers the body's ability to create heat, resulting in hypothermia. Core temperature readings help classify hypothermia. Mild hypothermia is temperatures between 32 °C (89.6 °F) and 35°C (95 °F) and is caused by impaired thermoregulation. Moderate hypothermia is temperatures between 28 C (82.4 °F) and 32 °C (89.6 °F) caused by...
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Temperature Measurement Sites01:14

Temperature Measurement Sites

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A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
Oral: When assessing oral temperature, the thermometer tip should be placed under the tongue in the posterior sublingual pocket. It offers accurate readings and can be...
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Methods of reducing fever01:22

Methods of reducing fever

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The signs and symptoms of fever include hot and dry skin, flushed face, thirst, muscle aches, anorexia, headache, tachycardia, tachypnea, and fatigue. Elevated body temperature is reduced using two methods: pharmacological and nonpharmacological. Proper identification and treatment of the root cause of a fever is of utmost importance.
Pharmacological Methods of Reducing Fever:
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Assessing Body Temperature - Temporal Artery01:19

Assessing Body Temperature - Temporal Artery

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Here is a stepwise guide to assessing the body temperature at the temporal artery using a temporal artery thermometer
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and don a fresh pair of gloves to prevent cross-infection and ensure patient safety.
Step 2: Explain the procedure to the patient to establish trust. Clear communication establishes trust with the patient, ensures they understand what to expect, promotes cooperation, and enhances comfort during the procedure.  
Step 3: Assess the patient's...
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Assessing Body Temperature - Rectal01:27

Assessing Body Temperature - Rectal

15.0K
Rectal temperature measurement is considered the most precise method for assessing core body temperature and typically registers higher than oral temperature. For adults, the rectal thermometer should be inserted 1 to 1.5 inches into the rectum to obtain the most accurate reading.
Follow these steps for rectal temperature assessment:
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and don clean gloves to prevent cross-infection.
Step 2: Position the patient in a side-lying position to better visualize the rectal...
15.0K
Assessing Body Temperature - Axilla01:14

Assessing Body Temperature - Axilla

1.7K
Procedural Guide for Assessing Axillary Body Temperature using a Digital Thermometer:
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and put on clean gloves to maintain infection control and prevent cross-contamination.
Step 2: Prepare the patient by explaining the procedure to ensure understanding and cooperation. Ensure privacy, expose the axilla, and inform the patient that minimal movement is crucial for an accurate reading.
Step 3: Adjust the patient’s clothing to expose only the axilla. It minimizes...
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Updated: Apr 8, 2026

Esophageal Heat Transfer for Patient Temperature Control and Targeted Temperature Management
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Comparing Warming Methods in the Trauma Bay: A Multi-center Cohort Study.

Gayla Miles1, Kristi Bonny2, Jacob Roden-Foreman3

  • 1Trauma, Texas Health Harris Methodist Hospital Fort Worth, Fort Worth, USA.

Cureus
|April 7, 2026
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Summary

For trauma patients with cold stress, a forced air underbody warming mattress effectively restored normothermia, proving superior to blankets. Head caps were impractical for trauma bay use.

Keywords:
cold stressemergency departmenthypothermiatraumaunderbody warming mattress

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Area of Science:

  • Emergency Medicine
  • Trauma Care
  • Thermoregulation

Background:

  • Hypothermia is linked to adverse outcomes in trauma patients.
  • Warming methods in the trauma bay require further evaluation.
  • Effective temperature management is critical for trauma resuscitation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the effectiveness of three warming methods in trauma patients.
  • To evaluate blankets, forced air underbody warming mattress, and mattress with head cap.
  • To determine the best method for preventing or treating cold stress in the trauma bay.

Main Methods:

  • Multi-site retrospective cohort study (August 2023 - July 2024).
  • Compared warming methods: blankets, forced air underbody warming mattress, mattress + head cap.
  • Used Cox hazard models and cluster robust standard errors to analyze temperature data.

Main Results:

  • For normothermic arrivals, the mattress showed no significant advantage over blankets.
  • For cold-stressed arrivals, the mattress was 4.7 times more likely to achieve normothermia than blankets (p <0.001).
  • Head cap use was limited by contraindications and impracticality in trauma settings.

Conclusions:

  • Forced air underbody warming mattress is feasible and effective for correcting hypothermia in trauma patients.
  • Blankets are less effective than the mattress for treating cold stress.
  • Head caps are impractical for routine use in the trauma bay due to head injury prevalence and imaging needs.