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Related Concept Videos

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides02:26

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

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Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.
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Sulfur Assimilation01:20

Sulfur Assimilation

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Sulfur is an essential element in biological systems, contributing to synthesizing key biomolecules, including amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, and cofactors such as coenzyme A and biotin. Microorganisms primarily assimilate sulfur as sulfate (SO₄²⁻) from the environment, which must undergo a series of biochemical transformations before it can be incorporated into cellular components. As sulfate is highly oxidized, it must undergo assimilatory sulfate reduction to...
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Structure and Nomenclature of Thiols and Sulfides02:17

Structure and Nomenclature of Thiols and Sulfides

6.0K
Thiols and sulfides are sulfur analogs of alcohols and ethers, respectively, where the sulfur atom takes the place of the oxygen atom. Thus, thiols are generally represented as RSH, where R is an alkyl substituent and —SH is the functional group. On the other hand, in sulfides, the central sulfur atom is bonded to two hydrocarbon groups on either side. Depending upon the type of group, sulfides can be either symmetrical or asymmetrical. Both thiols and sulfides display a bent geometry,...
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Acid Mine Drainage01:19

Acid Mine Drainage

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Mining activities that disturb sulfide-rich rocks, particularly those containing pyrite (FeS₂), initiate a cascade of geochemical and microbiological processes with serious environmental implications. When exposed to air and water, pyrite undergoes oxidation, releasing sulfate, ultimately forming sulfuric acid and mobilizing heavy metals into surrounding water systems. This phenomenon, known as acid mine drainage (AMD), results in low pH waters laden with toxic elements that threaten...
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Preparation and Reactions of Thiols02:33

Preparation and Reactions of Thiols

8.0K
Thiols are prepared using the hydrosulfide anion as a nucleophile in a nucleophilic substitution reaction with alkyl halides. For instance, bromobutane reacts with sodium hydrosulfide to give butanethiol.
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Phase II Reactions: Sulfation and Conjugation with α-Amino Acids01:19

Phase II Reactions: Sulfation and Conjugation with α-Amino Acids

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Sulfation and α-amino acid conjugation are two critical biotransformation reactions in drug metabolism. Sulfation, a phase II biotransformation reaction, involves adding a polar sulfate group to a drug, enhancing its water solubility and promoting excretion. This process can either co-occur with or occur independently of glucuronidation. Nonmicrosomal sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the process. The reaction involves 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate or PAPS coenzyme...
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Preparation of Authigenic Pyrite from Methane-bearing Sediments for In Situ Sulfur Isotope Analysis Using SIMS
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Pyrite (001) Interface Chemistry is Controlled by a Sulfoxy Termination.

Anna K Wanhala1, Piotr Zarzycki2, Sergio Carrero2

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Researchers revealed the atomic structure of the pyrite-water interface, identifying a novel sulfoxy group. This finding is crucial for understanding pyrite

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Area of Science:

  • Geochemistry
  • Mineralogy
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Pyrite (FeS2) is a prevalent sulfide mineral.
  • The pyrite-water interface is critical for geochemical reactions and Earth cycles.
  • Understanding pyrite surface structure is vital for geochemical modeling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the atomic-scale structure of the pyrite (001)-water interface under low oxygen conditions.
  • To identify surface species and their role in pyrite reactivity.

Main Methods:

  • Crystal truncation rod (CTR) method.
  • Ambient-pressure photoelectron spectroscopy (APPES).
  • Density functional theory (DFT) calculations.

Main Results:

  • Atomic structure of the pyrite (001)-water interface revealed.
  • Dominant surface species identified as a sulfoxy group (S-O).
  • Sulfoxy group readily protonates, influencing interfacial water and reaction energetics; iron sites remain unoxidized.

Conclusions:

  • The identified sulfoxy group represents an initial step in pyrite oxidative dissolution.
  • This interface structure may be stable in equilibrium with bulk pyrite under various reducing and acidic conditions.
  • The findings are relevant to diverse experimental, industrial, and Earth environments.