[Calcaneal fractures-Current status and treatment approaches]

Calcaneal fractures primarily affect patients aged 40-59 years, with an incidence rate of 17.5 per 100,000 inhabitants. They are typically caused by axial forces resulting from falls from a height or traffic accidents. In 75% of cases the posterior facet of the subtalar joint is affected, which can result in substantial functional limitations. The aim of treatment is to anatomically reconstruct the joint surfaces and the shape of the foot and to prevent long-term damage, such as osteoarthritis. Surgical treatment typically involves open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), although minimally invasive procedures are increasingly being adopted to minimize soft tissue complications. The long-term results vary, with the initial severity of the fracture and the quality of the reduction being decisive factors. Complications, such as wound healing disorders, infections and posttraumatic osteoarthritis are common, particularly in complex fractures. Advances in minimally invasive surgery offer promising approaches to improve outcomes. Overall, treating calcaneal fractures remains challenging and requires a tailored strategy for each type of fracture to achieve optimal functional results.