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[Functional posterior shoulder instability: which treatment options work?]

Irina Todiraș1,2, Doruk Akgün3, Philipp Moroder4

  • 1Schulter und Ellbogen-Abteilung, Schulthess Klinik, Lengghalde 2, 8008, Zürich, Schweiz. irina.todiras@gmx.ch.

Orthopadie (Heidelberg, Germany)
|April 7, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Functional posterior shoulder instability (PSI) stems from neuromuscular issues, not structural ones. Treatment requires a personalized approach combining physical therapy and modern techniques like functional electrical stimulation (FES) for best results.

Keywords:
Electric stimulationGlenohumeral jointJoint instabilityPaceMakerShoulder joint

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