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Updated: Apr 9, 2026

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Exploring pedestrian gap acceptance behaviour using immersive CAVE experiments: A multilevel logit regression model.

Manman Zhu1, Zijin Wang2, N N Sze3

  • 1Institute of Smart City and Intelligent Transportation, Southwest Jiaotong University, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; Otto Poon Charitable Foundation Smart Cities Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.

Accident; Analysis and Prevention
|April 7, 2026
PubMed
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This summary is machine-generated.

Pedestrian safety improves when considering psychological factors like risk-taking attitudes and perceived control. Understanding these influences on gap acceptance behavior is key to reducing pedestrian injuries.

Area of Science:

  • Traffic Safety
  • Human Factors Psychology
  • Urban Planning

Background:

  • Unsafe pedestrian crossing behavior is a major cause of traffic injuries.
  • Existing research often overlooks psychological factors influencing pedestrian decision-making.
  • Understanding these factors is crucial for developing effective safety interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how environmental factors, vehicle attributes, demographics, and safety perceptions influence pedestrian gap acceptance at mid-block crossings.
  • To explore the role of psychological elements, specifically safety perception and risk-taking attitudes, in pedestrian crossing decisions.

Main Methods:

  • A hybrid approach combining a Cave Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE) experiment and an attitudinal survey.
Keywords:
Gap acceptanceHierarchical data structureMultilevel logit modelPedestrian safetySafety perceptionVirtual reality

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  • Utilizing a multilevel logit regression model to analyze participant, trial, and observation level data.
  • Simulating immersive 3D road environments and dynamic traffic scenarios for realistic pedestrian interaction.

    • Main Results:

    • Pedestrian age, risk-taking attitude, speed limit, gap size, and waiting time positively correlate with gap acceptance.
    • Perceived control, on-street parking, and heavy vehicles decrease the likelihood of gap acceptance.
    • Psychological factors significantly impact pedestrian gap acceptance decisions.

    Conclusions:

    • Findings inform targeted road safety education and traffic management strategies for high-risk pedestrian locations.
    • Interventions should address both environmental and psychological influences on pedestrian behavior.
    • Improving pedestrian safety can enhance overall urban walkability.