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Related Concept Videos

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction01:23

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Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is a rare heart muscle disease characterized by impaired ventricular filling due to stiffened ventricular walls, leading to significant diastolic dysfunction.EtiologyRestrictive cardiomyopathy can arise from both inherited and acquired diseases, many of which are systemic. It is categorized into four main types: infiltrative, storage, non-infiltrative, and endomyocardial diseases.Infiltrative diseases, such as amyloidosis, lead to RCM by depositing amyloid...
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Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
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IntroductionNephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder marked by excessive protein loss in the urine, leading to various systemic complications. This condition often results from damage to the glomeruli—the kidney's filtering units—causing proteinuria, low blood protein levels, and fluid retention. Understanding the assessment, diagnosis, and management of nephrotic syndrome is essential for effective treatment and prevention of further kidney damage.AssessmentPatient History: Document...
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The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 9, 2026

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
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Renal involvement in systemic sclerosis.

Ibraheem M Almani1, Janet E Pope1

  • 1Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, London, ON, Canada.

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology
|April 7, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Systemic sclerosis can cause life-threatening kidney problems like scleroderma renal crisis. Early detection and management of renal complications are crucial for improving outcomes in scleroderma patients.

Keywords:
ACEIBiomarkersChronic kidney disease (CKD)Endothelial dysfunctionHypertensionMAHAMalignant hypertensionPrecision medicineRNA polyermase 3Renal crisis (SRC)Renal failureRenin-angiotensin-aldosterone systemSclerodermaSystemic sclerosis

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Rheumatology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Systemic sclerosis is a connective tissue disease with immune dysregulation, vasculopathy, and fibrosis.
  • Renal involvement, especially scleroderma renal crisis, is a major life-threatening complication.
  • Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors have reduced mortality, but renal complications still impact morbidity and long-term outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an in-depth analysis of renal involvement in systemic sclerosis.
  • To review epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management.
  • To discuss emerging research, precision medicine, and novel therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of current evidence.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data and pathophysiological mechanisms.
  • Discussion of diagnostic criteria and therapeutic strategies.

Main Results:

  • Scleroderma renal crisis is a critical manifestation requiring prompt recognition.
  • Various renal abnormalities contribute to the disease burden beyond scleroderma renal crisis.
  • Advances in diagnostics and therapeutics are improving patient management.

Conclusions:

  • Renal complications significantly affect systemic sclerosis patient outcomes.
  • Continued research into pathophysiology and targeted therapies is essential.
  • Precision medicine and new treatment modalities offer future hope for optimizing care.