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Engineering in vitro models to target tumour recurrence.

Nila C Wu1, Ruonan Cao1, Michelle Nurse2

  • 1Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada.

Trends in Biotechnology
|April 7, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Targeting tumor recurrence is crucial. This review explores in vitro models to study adaptive resistance mechanisms and improve therapies for tumor recurrence, focusing on proliferation and expansion stages.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Cancer Biology
  • Tumor Microenvironment Research

Background:

  • Tumor recurrence poses a significant clinical challenge, often driven by adaptive, nonmutational resistance mechanisms.
  • Identifying and targeting these resistant subpopulations is difficult due to their plasticity and dependence on the tumor microenvironment (TME).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and evaluate in vitro culture platforms for modeling tumor recurrence.
  • To assess the ability of current models to capture in vivo metrics relevant to recurrence stages.
  • To highlight emerging technologies for improved TME modeling with temporal resolution.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of in vitro culture platforms used to model tumor recurrence.
  • Analysis of existing models' capacity to replicate in vivo recurrence dynamics.
  • Evaluation of novel technologies for enhanced TME modeling.

Main Results:

  • In vitro platforms offer valuable tools for studying tumor recurrence, particularly proliferation reinitiation and tumor expansion.
  • Current models have limitations in fully recapitulating the complex, dynamic TME.
  • Emerging technologies show promise for more accurate temporal modeling of recurrence.

Conclusions:

  • Advanced in vitro models are essential for understanding and overcoming adaptive resistance in recurrent tumors.
  • Further development of TME-mimicking platforms is needed to accurately model tumor recurrence.
  • Novel technologies are key to disrupting survival and growth of resistant tumor subpopulations.