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Related Concept Videos

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
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Cells of the Innate Immune Response01:28

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The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
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Phagocytes police the peripheral tissues by removing cellular debris and responding to the invasion of foreign substances or pathogens. Many phagocytes attack and remove microorganisms even before lymphocytes detect them. The human body has two general...
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
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Subviral Agents01:29

Subviral Agents

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Subviral agents are infectious entities that resemble viruses but lack one or more viral components, such as a capsid or essential replication machinery. These agents include viroids, prions, and satellites, each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics that influence their mode of infection and replication.Viroids are the simplest subviral agents, consisting of circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat. They exclusively infect plants, relying entirely...
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Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes01:25

Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes

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Immune surveillance is an integral part of the innate immune system, involving the continuous monitoring of peripheral tissues to detect and respond to pathogens, infected cells, or cancerous cells. This surveillance is conducted primarily by natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes, which employ distinct but complementary mechanisms to identify and eliminate threats.
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NK cells are large granular lymphocytes found in the blood and lymphatic system. These...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 9, 2026

Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production
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PRRSV subverts host programmed cell death network for immune evasion.

Shengming Ma1, Qian Mao1, Shaoting Weng1

  • 1School of Biological and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, People's Republic of China.

Virulence
|April 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) manipulates programmed cell death (PCD) pathways like apoptosis and pyroptosis. This viral strategy aids PRRSV replication, immune evasion, and persistent infection in swine.

Keywords:
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virusautophagyimmune evasionpersistent infectionprogrammed cell death

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Single-cell Quantitation of mRNA and Surface Protein Expression in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-infected CD4+ T Cells Isolated from Rhesus macaques
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Last Updated: Apr 9, 2026

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Single-cell Quantitation of mRNA and Surface Protein Expression in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-infected CD4+ T Cells Isolated from Rhesus macaques
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Single-cell Quantitation of mRNA and Surface Protein Expression in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-infected CD4+ T Cells Isolated from Rhesus macaques

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Arbovirus Infections As Screening Tools for the Identification of Viral Immunomodulators and Host Antiviral Factors
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Arbovirus Infections As Screening Tools for the Identification of Viral Immunomodulators and Host Antiviral Factors

Published on: September 13, 2018

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes significant global economic losses in the swine industry.
  • PRRSV infection leads to severe reproductive issues in sows and respiratory distress in piglets.
  • Understanding PRRSV's interaction with host cell death mechanisms is crucial for disease management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms by which PRRSV interferes with programmed cell death (PCD) modalities.
  • To elucidate PRRSV's spatiotemporal strategies in regulating PCD during infection.
  • To highlight the role of virus-host interactions in PRRSV pathogenesis and persistent infection.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on PRRSV and programmed cell death.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms underlying PRRSV's manipulation of apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis.
  • Examination of viral strategies in different cell types and infection stages.

Main Results:

  • PRRSV actively manipulates multiple PCD pathways, including apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis.
  • These manipulations create an optimal replication environment and facilitate immune evasion.
  • PRRSV employs distinct PCD regulation strategies depending on infection stage and cell type.

Conclusions:

  • PRRSV utilizes sophisticated manipulation of host PCD networks for its survival and propagation.
  • Virus-host protein interactions are key determinants of PRRSV pathogenesis.
  • This review provides a foundation for developing novel PRRSV control strategies and antiviral therapies.