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Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
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Examination of Thymic Positive and Negative Selection by Flow Cytometry
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A key regulator of missing-self innate immunity is polymorphic and under diversifying selection.

Rocco F Notarnicola1, Magdalena Herdegen-Radwan2, Joanna Różańska-Wróbel1

  • 1Evolutionary Biology Group, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland.

Molecular Biology and Evolution
|April 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Pathogens like Borrelia can influence the evolution of immune genes. This study found that the Complement Factor H (CFH) gene in bank voles shows signs of pathogen-driven evolution, highlighting its role in host-parasite co-evolution.

Keywords:
complement factor Hgenomic scan of selectionhost-parasite co-evolutioninnate immunitymissing-selfpolymorphism

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Host-parasite co-evolution typically drives diversification in pathogen recognition genes.
  • Immune genes regulating self-recognition (missing-self immunity) may be evolutionarily constrained.
  • Pathogens can exploit missing-self regulators, potentially driving their diversification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary pressures on the Complement Factor H (CFH) gene, a missing-self regulator.
  • To understand how pathogen interactions shape the evolution of innate immunity in wild vertebrates.

Main Methods:

  • Analyzed polymorphism and selection signatures in the bank vole CFH gene.
  • Compared geographic structuring of the Borrelia-interacting CFH domain (CCP 20) with genomic markers (RAD-seq).
  • Examined other innate immunity genes in the alternative complement pathway.

Main Results:

  • Detected signals of positive and diversifying selection in the CFH CCP 20 domain.
  • Evidence suggests CFH evolves in response to pathogen pressure from Borrelia.
  • Other innate immunity genes within the alternative complement pathway also showed diversifying selection.

Conclusions:

  • The innate immune sensor CFH is under diversifying selection in wild vertebrates, likely driven by pathogens.
  • This study highlights the role of missing-self regulators in host-parasite co-evolution.
  • Pathogen-driven selection can overcome evolutionary constraints on self-recognition genes.