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Related Concept Videos

Homeostatic Imbalances in Body Temperature01:19

Homeostatic Imbalances in Body Temperature

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Hyperthermia occurs when the body's temperature becomes unusually high, often due to heat exposure, intense physical activity, or certain illnesses. This condition can create a dangerous cycle where elevated body temperature increases the metabolic rate, generating more heat and potentially leading to organ failure and brain damage. A severe form of hyperthermia, called heat stroke, can raise body temperature to life-threatening levels. Fever, on the other hand, is a controlled form of...
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Increased Body Temperature01:25

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A body temperature above  38°C  (100.4 °F) is known as fever or pyrexia, and a person with fever is termed 'febrile.' Typically, the hypothalamus, a part of the brain that acts as the body's thermostat, regulates body temperature through a thermoregulatory setpoint. It receives signals from cold and warm thermal receptors throughout the body and adjusts the body's temperature accordingly. Fever occurs when this hypothalamic setpoint is altered, usually in...
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Thermoregulation01:26

Thermoregulation

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The human body has a sophisticated thermoregulation system that employs negative feedback mechanisms to maintain an optimal core temperature. When the core temperature drops, peripheral and central thermoreceptors send signals to the hypothalamus, activating the heat-promoting center. This center triggers several responses aimed at increasing the core temperature. First, vasoconstriction reduces the flow of warm blood from internal organs to the skin so that the heat is not lost from the skin,...
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Body Temperature01:25

Body Temperature

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The body's temperature, measured in degrees, is determined by the balance between heat production and dissipation to the surrounding environment. For instance, if exercising vigorously, the body will produce more heat, causing sweat and dissipating that heat. Despite extreme environmental conditions and physical exertion, the human temperature-control system maintains a constant core body temperature (the temperature of deep tissues, which are the tissues located beneath the skin and other...
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Body Temperature01:07

Body Temperature

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Body temperature reflects the equilibrium between heat production and heat loss within the body. Most heat is generated by metabolically active tissues, particularly the liver, heart, brain, kidneys, and endocrine organs. At rest, skeletal muscles contribute 20–30% of total heat production, but during vigorous exercise, this can increase up to 30–40 times.
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Methods of reducing fever01:22

Methods of reducing fever

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The signs and symptoms of fever include hot and dry skin, flushed face, thirst, muscle aches, anorexia, headache, tachycardia, tachypnea, and fatigue. Elevated body temperature is reduced using two methods: pharmacological and nonpharmacological. Proper identification and treatment of the root cause of a fever is of utmost importance.
Pharmacological Methods of Reducing Fever:
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Updated: Apr 9, 2026

A Preclinical Model of Exertional Heat Stroke in Mice
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A hypothalamus centred pathogenesis of heat stroke deaths - A postmortem-based human study.

Ashok Kumar Rastogi1, Ashutosh Kumar2, Shreekant Bharti3

  • 1Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Science, Patna, Bihar, India.

The Medico-Legal Journal
|April 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Heat stroke deaths are rising, but causes are unclear. Autopsies reveal anterior hypothalamus damage, including hemorrhage and necrosis, crucial for forensic determination of heat stroke fatalities.

Keywords:
Heat strokedeathhaemorrhagehypothalamussummer

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Pathology
  • Environmental Medicine
  • Neuropathology

Background:

  • Increasing heat stroke deaths in tropical regions during summer.
  • Limited postmortem studies hinder forensic determination of heat stroke fatalities.
  • Pathogenesis mechanisms of heat stroke remain poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neuropathological and histopathological findings in heat stroke fatalities.
  • To identify key indicators for forensic determination of cause of death in heat stroke cases.
  • To elucidate the role of the anterior hypothalamus in heat stroke pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Standard autopsy protocol on four heat stroke cases (3 male, 1 female, age 40-60).
  • Gross observation of internal organs.
  • Histological staining and microscopic examination of visceral tissue samples.

Main Results:

  • Observations indicated a significant role for the anterior hypothalamus in heat stroke pathogenesis.
  • Acute hemorrhage in the preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus was noted.
  • Microvascular injury and acute necrotic lesions in the heart, lung, kidney, and liver were observed.

Conclusions:

  • Anterior hypothalamus damage, specifically hemorrhage in the preoptic area, is implicated in heat stroke pathogenesis.
  • Forensic determination of heat stroke deaths should consider hypothalamic injury alongside necrotic lesions in key organs.
  • Findings provide critical insights for the forensic investigation of heat stroke fatalities.