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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 9, 2026

Monitoring PD-1-Blocking Antibodies Bound to T Cells Derived from a Drop of Peripheral Blood
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Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Profiling Revealed Biomarkers That Predict PD-1 Inhibitor-Induced Immune-Related

Jun Wang1,2,3, Hong Xie1,2,3, Yuanyuan Gong4,5

  • 1Department of Oncology The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital Jinan China.

Medcomm
|April 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) can cause adverse events. Researchers found decreased CXCR3 and CCR6 expression in immune cells predict these toxicities, offering potential biomarkers for patient safety.

Keywords:
C–C motif chemokine receptor 6C–X–C motif chemokine receptor 3biomarkerimmune checkpoint inhibitorimmune related adverse effectprogrammed cell death 1

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Biomarker Discovery

Background:

  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) enhance anti-tumor immunity but can cause immune-related adverse events (irAEs).
  • Predicting irAEs is crucial for patient safety during immunotherapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify biomarkers predicting irAEs and response to PD-1 inhibitors.
  • To investigate the role of CXCR3 and CCR6 in irAE development.

Main Methods:

  • Protein expression profiling of 41 markers on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) before immunotherapy.
  • Validation in two independent external cohorts.
  • Analysis of circulating CXCR3 ligands (CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11).

Main Results:

  • Decreased CXCR3 and CCR6 expression in specific PBMC subpopulations (T cells, NK cells) correlated with irAE development.
  • CCR6 expression in NK cells uniquely identified patients with irAEs.
  • Increased circulating CXCR3 ligands were observed in patients who developed irAEs.
  • Differential protein expression in PBMCs also predicted response to PD-1 inhibitors.

Conclusions:

  • CXCR3 and CCR6 play significant roles in PD-1 inhibitor-induced irAEs.
  • CXCR3, CCR6, and their ligands are potential circulating biomarkers for immunotherapy toxicity and response.
  • This study enhances understanding of PBMC heterogeneity in relation to ICI treatment outcomes.