Bacillus anthracis-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices in Koraput, India: A mixed methods study

Background and objectives Koraput district in Odisha, India, experiences recurrent anthrax outbreaks among humans and livestock. The effectiveness of anthrax prevention and control depends heavily on community knowledge, attitudes, and practices, yet comprehensive data on these factors are lacking. Methods From July to September 2024, we conducted a mixed-methods, cross-sectional study in selected blocks of Koraput district. Using stratified random sampling, 696 community members were surveyed with a structured questionnaire. Qualitative insights were obtained through consultations with key stakeholders from the health, veterinary, and panchayati raj departments. Results Awareness of anthrax was limited, with 15.3% (n=106) of respondents having knowledge about the disease. Among those who had prior exposure to the disease, a moderate level of knowledge regarding symptoms, transmission, and preventive measures was observed. Although 82.7% (n=474) acknowledged vaccination as a preventive measure, anthrax vaccination coverage among livestock owners was only 11.5% (n=66). High-risk exposure remained prevalent, with 96.4% (n=671) reporting meat consumption, 20.0% (n=134) consuming beef, and 18.5% (n=124) consuming animal blood. In addition, 27.9% (n=160) housed livestock inside their homes, increasing the risk of human exposure. Interpretation and conclusions The study findings revealed that community members had limited knowledge regarding the causes, symptoms, transmission, and prevention of anthrax. These gaps highlight the need for targeted interventions through a coordinated One Health approach involving human, animal, and other allied sectors.