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Related Experiment Video

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Swelling-Tunable Hydrogels for Self-Transformable Underwater Flexible Electronics with Wireless Communication.

Guangqiu Yang1, Xinyu Zhang1, Jiahong Liu1

  • 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University of Chemical Technology, Jilin, 132022, China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|April 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary

New hydrogels made from hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) offer enhanced mechanical properties and reduced swelling. These materials show promise for advanced flexible electronics and underwater applications.

Keywords:
antiswelling hydrogelsflexible electronicsliquid metalunderwater sensorswearable devices

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Flexible Electronics

Background:

  • Hydrogels are promising for flexible electronics due to biocompatibility and flexibility.
  • Traditional hydrogels face mechanical degradation from swelling, limiting applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop novel HEMA-HEA hydrogels with tunable antiswelling properties and improved mechanical performance.
  • To explore their potential in flexible strain sensors and underwater electronic applications.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesized HEMA-HEA hydrogels by varying the ratio of hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) to hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA).
  • Characterized hydrogel properties including swelling ratio, mechanical strength, optical transparency, and self-bonding capabilities.
  • Fabricated and tested flexible strain sensors for performance and underwater operation.

Main Results:

  • Increasing HEMA content enhanced mechanical properties and reduced swelling ratios, with HEMA5-HEA0 showing a 0.9% swelling ratio.
  • HEMA4-HEA1 hydrogels exhibited balanced properties and minimal hysteresis, ideal for strain sensors.
  • Fabricated sensors demonstrated high sensitivity, fatigue resistance, and stable underwater operation, enabling motion sensing and wireless communication.
  • Postprogrammable shape transformation and autonomous underwater fixation of RFID chips were achieved.

Conclusions:

  • HEMA-HEA hydrogels offer tunable antiswelling and robust mechanical properties for advanced applications.
  • These hydrogels are suitable for developing high-performance flexible electronics, particularly for underwater environments.
  • The study highlights the potential of these materials for complex shape programming and reliable underwater wireless communication.