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P-N junction

P-N junction

A p-n junction is formed when p-type and n-type semiconductor materials are joined together. At the interface of the p-n junction, holes from the p-side and electrons from the n-side begin to diffuse into the opposite sides due to the concentration gradient. This diffusion of carriers leads to a region around the junction where there are no free charge carriers, known as the depletion region. The charge density within the depletion region for the n-side and p-side can be described by the...

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Updated: Apr 10, 2026

In situ Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering on Roll-To-Roll Coating of Organic Solar Cells with Laboratory X-ray Instrumentation

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A donor-acceptor integrated polymer for efficient organic solar cells.

Lunbi Wu^1,2, Xinkang Wang³, Maggie Ng⁴

¹School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou 510665, P. R. China.

Science Advances

|April 8, 2026

Summary

A novel polymer, PQIC, enhances organic solar cell performance by improving charge transport and reducing energy loss. PQIC-based ternary cells achieve over 20% power conversion efficiency with excellent stability.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Organic Electronics
Photovoltaics

Background:

Organic solar cells (OSCs) offer potential for low-cost, flexible energy generation.
Improving power conversion efficiency (PCE) and operational stability remains a key challenge in OSC development.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a novel donor-acceptor polymer (PQIC) for enhanced ternary organic solar cells.
To investigate the impact of PQIC on charge transport, recombination losses, and device performance.

Main Methods:

Synthesis of PQIC, a polymer with a rigid π-conjugated framework and fused Y-type small-molecule acceptor.
Fabrication of PQIC-based ternary organic solar cells.
Characterization of device performance, including PCE, stability, and thick-film tolerance.

Main Results:

PQIC exhibits balanced bipolar charge transport, reduced defect density, and high electroluminescence efficiency.
PQIC as a third component facilitates charge percolation and alleviates recombination losses.
PQIC-based ternary OSCs achieved a certified PCE of 20.60%, with excellent stability (~85% retention after 2000 hours) and scalability.

Conclusions:

PQIC is a promising material for advancing high-performance and stable ternary organic solar cells.
The developed PQIC-based ternary systems demonstrate significant potential for commercial applications.
This work highlights the effectiveness of integrating donor-acceptor polymers for improved OSC performance.