Vasculogenic tissue nanotransfection accelerates functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury

Peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) remain a major clinical challenge, often leaving patients with lifelong sensory, motor, and functional impairments despite surgical repair. While gene and cell therapies hold promise, their translation has been hampered by the lack of safe, efficient, and targeted delivery strategies. Here, we introduce vasculogenic tissue nanotransfection (TNT) as a nonviral, reprogramming-based therapeutic platform to enhance nerve regeneration to augment surgical reconstruction. This one-time, millisecond-scale intervention reprograms resident cells in situ toward a vasculogenic phenotype, fostering neovascularization and vascular remodeling to support axonal regeneration. Through integrated in vitro screening and in vivo validation, we identified an optimized formulation of vasculogenic genes (Etv2, Fli1, and Foxc2; EFF) that maximized reprogramming efficiency and regenerative potential. In a long-segment nerve defect model reconstructed with isografts, TNT-mediated delivery of EFF markedly improved functional recovery, including grip strength and muscle contractility, accompanied by increased vascular density and myelinated axon counts. Together, these findings establish TNT-mediated vasculogenic reprogramming as a transformative adjunct to surgical repair of PNIs, offering a clinically translatable strategy to accelerate nerve regeneration and restore function.