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A Taguchi-optimized agar phantom for temperature-based validation in electro-hyperthermia.

Chih-Wu Cheng1,2, Wen-Tyng Li2, Yuk-Wah Tsang1,2

  • 1Department of Radiation Oncology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chia-Yi City, Taiwan.

Biomedical Physics & Engineering Express
|April 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study developed an optimized agar phantom for electro-hyperthermia (EHY) system quality assurance. The phantom accurately mimics tissue heating, improving treatment safety and accuracy.

Keywords:
Taguchi methodagar phantomelectro-hyperthermiahyperthermiaquality assurance

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Medical Physics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Quality assurance (QA) is crucial for electro-hyperthermia (EHY) systems.
  • Accurate temperature monitoring is essential for effective EHY treatment.
  • Developing reliable phantoms for QA is an ongoing challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and optimize an agar-based phantom for temperature-based validation of EHY systems.
  • To establish a QA framework for EHY devices using the developed phantom.
  • To compare phantom heating profiles with biological tissue.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the Taguchi method with an orthogonal array to design nine agar phantom formulations.
  • Varied concentrations of agar, sodium chloride (NaCl), and sodium azide (NaN₃).
  • Heated phantoms using the Oncotherm EHY-2000 device and measured temperature at 5 cm depth.

Main Results:

  • Identified an optimal formulation (5.0% agar, 0.1% NaCl, 0.44% NaN₃) closely resembling pork tissue temperature profiles.
  • Taguchi analysis revealed agar concentration as the most significant factor influencing temperature.
  • Found weak interactions among formulation variables, allowing independent optimization.

Conclusions:

  • The developed agar phantom is simple to fabricate, reusable, and storable.
  • It serves as a practical tool for detecting abnormal heating in EHY devices.
  • The phantom is suitable for routine QA of the Oncotherm EHY system, enhancing treatment safety and accuracy.