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  1. Home
  3. Dopamine Bidirectionally Biases Incentive And Aversive Salience In Humans.
  1. Home
  3. Dopamine Bidirectionally Biases Incentive And Aversive Salience In Humans.

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Dopamine Bidirectionally Biases Incentive and Aversive Salience in Humans.

Ernest Mas-Herrero1, Laura Ferreri2, Pablo Ripollés3

  • 1Cognition and Brain Plasticity Unit, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cognition, Development and Education Psychology, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.

Biological Psychiatry. Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging
|April 8, 2026

View abstract on PubMed

Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Altering dopamine signaling bidirectionally shifts what stimuli feel important, influencing motivation and decision-making. This dopamine-dependent regulation highlights its role in conditions like addiction.

Keywords:
AversiveDopamineIncentiveRewardSalience

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychopharmacology
  • Decision Science

Background:

  • Dopamine is crucial for motivation but its role in processing negative stimuli is unclear.
  • Imbalances in dopamine signaling may contribute to psychiatric disorders involving compulsive behaviors and disregard for negative consequences.
  • Understanding dopamine's valence-specific salience processing is key to addressing these disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how altering dopamine signaling affects the salience of reward versus loss cues.
  • To determine if dopamine enhances reward salience or suppresses loss salience.
  • To explore the implications for psychiatric conditions characterized by reward-seeking and harm insensitivity.

Main Methods:

  • A double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject study with 27 healthy adults.
  • Pharmacological manipulation: dopaminergic enhancement (levodopa/carbidopa) and blockade (risperidone).
  • Monetary Incentive Delay (MID) task measuring reaction times and skin conductance responses to reward/loss cues.

    • Main Results:

    • Levodopa increased physiological responses to rewards more than losses, impairing avoidance of small losses.
    • Risperidone heightened responses to losses relative to rewards and slowed reactions to small gains.
    • These findings demonstrate a valence-dependent effect of dopamine on cue salience.

    Conclusions:

    • Dopaminergic tone acts as a valence-dependent salience regulator, prioritizing cues predicting gains.
    • Dysregulation of dopamine's salience calibration may drive addiction by amplifying 'wanting' while reducing sensitivity to negative outcomes.
    • This suggests therapeutic strategies targeting dopamine pathways could modulate compulsive behaviors.