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Language Development

Language Development

Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...

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Phonetic Intelligibility Testing in Developmental Motor Speech Disorders: a Preliminary Tool in Hebrew.

Micalle Carl¹, Efrat Bubes¹, Michal Icht¹

¹Department of Communication Disorders, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.

International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders

|April 8, 2026

Summary

A new Hebrew tool for assessing speech intelligibility in developmental motor speech disorders accurately identifies errors impacting communication. This tool, specifically for speakers with Down syndrome (DS), highlights voicing errors as key to intelligibility challenges.

Keywords:

down syndrome motor speech disorders phonetic contrasts speech intelligibility

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Area of Science:

Linguistics and Speech-Language Pathology
Developmental Disorders Research
Phonetics and Phonology

Background:

Speech intelligibility is crucial for individuals with developmental motor speech disorders.
Closed-set phonetic intelligibility assessments offer a focused method for identifying segmental errors impacting speech.
Existing closed-set tools are unavailable for the Hebrew language.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce a novel, preliminary closed-set phonetic intelligibility tool for Hebrew speakers with developmental motor speech disorders.
To examine the tool's utility in identifying phonetic contrasts produced in error by speakers with Down syndrome (DS).
To determine overall error profiles of contrast categories in Hebrew-speaking adults with DS.

Main Methods:

Analysis of recordings from 23 Hebrew-speaking adults with DS (ages 21-37) using a closed-set intelligibility paradigm.
Naïve listeners identified perceived words from minimal pairs based on phonetic contrasts.
Calculation of error rates for individual phonetic contrasts and categories (voicing, place, manner, vowels, syllable structure); comparison with open-set assessments.

Main Results:

Closed-set intelligibility scores exceeded open-set transcription accuracy.
Voicing contrasts, especially in coda position, were most frequently impaired and significantly correlated with intelligibility scores.
Speakers with DS exhibited voice, place, and manner difficulties, with minimal vowel errors.

Conclusions:

The Hebrew closed-set intelligibility tool effectively identified contrast-specific deficits impacting speech in speakers with DS.
The tool demonstrated diagnostic precision and language-specific relevance for targeting intelligibility-reducing features.
Language-specific tools are essential for understanding factors affecting speech intelligibility in motor speech disorders.