Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

2.4K
The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
2.4K
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene01:13

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene

8.1K
Bromination and chlorination of aromatic rings by electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions are easily achieved, but fluorination and iodination are difficult to achieve. Fluorine is so reactive that its reaction with benzene is difficult to control, resulting in poor yields of monofluoroaromatic products. To address this, Selectfluor reagent is used as a fluorine source in which a fluorine atom is bonded to a positively charged nitrogen.
8.1K
Cycloaddition Reactions: Overview01:16

Cycloaddition Reactions: Overview

3.8K
Cycloadditions are one of the most valuable and effective synthesis routes to form cyclic compounds. These are concerted pericyclic reactions between two unsaturated compounds resulting in a cyclic product with two new σ bonds formed at the expense of π bonds. The [4 + 2] cycloaddition, known as the Diels–Alder reaction, is the most common. The other example is a [2 + 2] cycloaddition.
3.8K
Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Photochemical Activation01:12

Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Photochemical Activation

2.9K
Some cycloaddition reactions are activated by heat, while others are initiated by light. For example, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition between two ethylene molecules occurs only in the presence of light. It is photochemically allowed but thermally forbidden.
2.9K
Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:17

Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

2.7K
The stereochemistry of electrocyclic reactions is strongly influenced by the orbital symmetry of the polyene HOMO. Under thermal conditions, the reaction proceeds via the ground-state HOMO.
Selection Rules: Thermal Activation
Conjugated systems containing an even number of π-electron pairs undergo a conrotatory ring closure. For example, thermal electrocyclization of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadiene, a conjugated diene containing two π-electron pairs, gives trans-3,4-dimethylcyclobutene.
2.7K
Diels–Alder Reaction Forming Cyclic Products: Stereochemistry01:28

Diels–Alder Reaction Forming Cyclic Products: Stereochemistry

5.3K
The Diels–Alder reaction is one of the robust methods for synthesizing unsaturated six-membered rings. The reaction involves a concerted cyclic movement of six π electrons: four π electrons from the diene and two π electrons from the dienophile.
5.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Large-Scale Structural Dynamics in the Tail Fiber Modulate the Infective Transition of the T7 Bacteriophage.

Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026
Same author

Multi-wavelength transparent microfluidic device for UV-visible illumination and X-ray scattering studies of photoactive systems.

Lab on a chip·2026
Same author

Delocalization versus Coherence under Vibrational and Environmental Disorder in Photoexcited Supramolecular Aggregates.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same author

Ligand assisted reprecipitation of formamidinium-guanidinium lead iodide 2D perovskite nanowires.

Nanoscale·2025
Same author

On the Role of Electronic Correlation and State-Specific Environment Polarization in Singlet-Triplet Gap Inversion.

Journal of computational chemistry·2025
Same author

Elucidating the Free Carrier and Exciton Ultrafast Dynamics in 2D Perovskites with Alternating Cations in the Interlayer Space.

The journal of physical chemistry letters·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 10, 2026

Scale-up Chemical Synthesis of Thermally-activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters Based on the Dibenzothiophene-S,S-Dioxide Core
08:51

Scale-up Chemical Synthesis of Thermally-activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters Based on the Dibenzothiophene-S,S-Dioxide Core

Published on: October 24, 2017

10.2K

Three-Step Synthesis Toward Fluorene-Based Non-Fused-Ring Acceptors for Organic Solar Cells.

Virginia Lafranconi1, Suman Mallick1, Lisa Nauta1

  • 1Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|April 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New non-fused-ring electron acceptors, FHM-Cl and FHM-F, were synthesized for organic solar cells. FHM-Cl achieved a 10.7% power conversion efficiency, showing potential for cost-efficient devices.

Keywords:
fluorenenon‐fullerene electron acceptorsorganic solar cellssynthesis designthermal stabilitythin films

More Related Videos

Morphology Control for Fully Printable Organic–Inorganic Bulk-heterojunction Solar Cells Based on a Ti-alkoxide and Semiconducting Polymer
08:29

Morphology Control for Fully Printable Organic–Inorganic Bulk-heterojunction Solar Cells Based on a Ti-alkoxide and Semiconducting Polymer

Published on: January 10, 2017

9.5K
In situ Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering on Roll-To-Roll Coating of Organic Solar Cells with Laboratory X-ray Instrumentation
06:49

In situ Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering on Roll-To-Roll Coating of Organic Solar Cells with Laboratory X-ray Instrumentation

Published on: March 2, 2021

6.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 10, 2026

Scale-up Chemical Synthesis of Thermally-activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters Based on the Dibenzothiophene-S,S-Dioxide Core
08:51

Scale-up Chemical Synthesis of Thermally-activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters Based on the Dibenzothiophene-S,S-Dioxide Core

Published on: October 24, 2017

10.2K
Morphology Control for Fully Printable Organic–Inorganic Bulk-heterojunction Solar Cells Based on a Ti-alkoxide and Semiconducting Polymer
08:29

Morphology Control for Fully Printable Organic–Inorganic Bulk-heterojunction Solar Cells Based on a Ti-alkoxide and Semiconducting Polymer

Published on: January 10, 2017

9.5K
In situ Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering on Roll-To-Roll Coating of Organic Solar Cells with Laboratory X-ray Instrumentation
06:49

In situ Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering on Roll-To-Roll Coating of Organic Solar Cells with Laboratory X-ray Instrumentation

Published on: March 2, 2021

6.8K

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Organic Electronics
  • Photovoltaics

Background:

  • Non-fused-ring electron acceptors are gaining interest for organic solar cells due to their favorable properties and ease of synthesis.
  • These materials offer a pathway to cost-efficient organic solar cell (OSC) device production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and evaluate novel fluorene-based non-fused-ring electron acceptors, FHM-Cl and FHM-F.
  • To investigate the performance of organic solar cells incorporating these new acceptors with various donor materials.

Main Methods:

  • A three-step synthesis was employed to create FHM-Cl and FHM-F from commercially available precursors.
  • Organic solar cells were fabricated and optimized using different donor materials (e.g., D18).
  • Comprehensive characterization included optical, electrical, and morphological analyses.

Main Results:

  • The synthesized acceptors, FHM-Cl and FHM-F, were incorporated into organic solar cells.
  • The D18:FHM-Cl and D18:FHM-F combinations achieved power conversion efficiencies of 10.7% and 7.6%, respectively.
  • FHM-Cl based devices showed improved light absorption, better solid-state packing, and reduced recombination.

Conclusions:

  • The synthesized fluorene-based acceptors demonstrate promising photovoltaic performance for organic solar cells.
  • FHM-Cl exhibits superior characteristics, including enhanced stability, making it a strong candidate for efficient and low-cost OSCs.
  • These findings highlight the potential of non-fused-ring acceptors in advancing organic solar cell technology.