Prenatal Ultrasound-Detected Structural Anomalies Associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Narrative Review

Area of Science:

• Neurodevelopmental Disorders
• Medical Imaging
• Biomarkers

Background:

• Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) prevalence is rising globally, necessitating earlier detection for effective intervention.
• Current diagnostic methods for ASD often lead to delays in identification.
• Prenatal ultrasound-detectable anomalies are being explored as potential early predictors for ASD.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review and synthesize existing research on prenatal ultrasound findings associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder.
• To evaluate the potential of these anomalies as early indicators for ASD risk.

Main Methods:

• A comprehensive literature search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar (2007-2025).
• Keywords included "autism spectrum disorder", "prenatal ultrasound", "fetal anomalies", and "biomarkers".
• Systematic reviews and large cohort studies were prioritized, with findings summarized narratively.

Main Results:

• Associations were found between ASD and anomalies like ventriculomegaly, increased biparietal diameter, hyperechogenic kidneys, and congenital heart defects.
• These findings are not exclusive to ASD and exhibit inconsistent predictive accuracy.
• Wide variations in sensitivity and specificity were noted, alongside ethical considerations.

Conclusions:

• Prenatal ultrasound shows promise for early ASD risk identification but is insufficient for standalone diagnosis.
• Integration with genetic and postnatal data, standardized protocols, and further research are crucial.
• Improved predictive value and clinical utility necessitate a multi-faceted approach.