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DNA isolation protocols can be fast and straightforward or complex and time-consuming depending on the type and quality of DNA required for further processing. For example, plasmid DNA extraction is a bit more complicated than genomic DNA extraction because of the need for an appropriate lysis method to separate plasmid DNA from gDNA during isolation. However, for specific applications, such as long-range DNA sequencing that require a good yield of high- quality DNA samples, we need to follow...
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Swabbing as a Non-Lethal DNA Collection Method for Earthworm Barcoding: Performance and Citizen Science Perspectives.

Kamyar Amirhosseini1,2, Markus Müller2, Martin Potthoff1

  • 1Campus Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL) University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany.

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|April 9, 2026
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Summary

Non-lethal swab sampling offers a promising alternative for earthworm DNA barcoding, aligning with citizen science goals. While requiring standardization, this method shows potential for reliable genetic data collection.

Keywords:
COIDNA barcodingDNA extractionLumbricidaesoil biodiversityspecies identification

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Ecology
  • Biodiversity Research

Background:

  • Traditional earthworm DNA barcoding relies on lethal tissue sampling, posing ecological concerns and potential public disengagement.
  • Citizen Science (CS) projects face challenges with methods that elicit negative emotional responses.
  • Non-lethal sampling methods are needed to improve ecological compatibility and public acceptance in biodiversity research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the performance of swab sampling as a non-lethal alternative for earthworm DNA barcoding.
  • To compare DNA yield and quality from swab sampling versus traditional tissue sampling methods.
  • To assess the suitability of swab sampling for CS-based biodiversity and barcoding initiatives.

Main Methods:

  • Compared three DNA collection methods: Swab-QIAGEN, Tissue-QIAGEN, and Tissue-Chelex.
  • Generated cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) barcodes from 40 adult earthworms.
  • Assessed PCR amplification success, sequencing success rates, and barcode quality metrics.

Main Results:

  • All methods exhibited high PCR amplification success rates (97.5%-100%).
  • Swab-QIAGEN yielded a lower sequencing success rate (66.7%) but produced the highest proportion of reference-quality barcodes (80.8%) among functional sequences.
  • All methods demonstrated high concordance between morphospecies identification and genetic data (>90%), with consistent taxonomic assignments and low sequencing error rates (<0.1%).

Conclusions:

  • Swab sampling is a viable, non-lethal method for earthworm DNA barcoding, showing high interoperability with tissue sampling.
  • The method shows potential for CS projects by being emotionally adaptive and ecologically advantageous.
  • Standardization of the swabbing methodology is necessary for its reliable implementation in CS-based earthworm barcoding.