From Broad Theoretic Postulating to Precision Communication - A Contemporary Narrative Review of Cancer Communication

This narrative review explores emerging strategies in precision cancer communication, with a focus on tailoring interactions to meet the complex needs of diverse patient populations. The purpose of this review is to highlight how theoretical frameworks and established communication protocols can be adapted to enhance patient-centred care in oncology, especially during the delivery of difficult news and discussions around prognostic awareness. Sources for this review were drawn from key journals and major databases in the fields of oncology, communication studies and digital health. The literature was selectively reviewed to identify influential models, communication protocols and empirical studies that address both verbal and non-verbal aspects of patient care. By integrating classical frameworks such as the health belief model, narrative communication theory and the extended parallel process model, along with established structured protocols, this review examines how communication still lacks individualisation to align with patient values and psychosocial context. While advances in cancer biology and treatment continue to evolve, effective communication between clinicians and patients remains a persistent challenge. Existing protocols have provided a structured approach to breaking bad news and managing sensitive conversations, yet they often overlook the subtleties of non-verbal communication and the individual emotional needs of patients. This shortfall is particularly evident among vulnerable groups. Emerging digital health tools and clinical decision support systems show promise in augmenting traditional communication methods, though they have yet to fully replicate the connection that human interaction offers. Limitations of this review include its narrative nature, which may not encompass the full scope of available evidence, and the rapid evolution of digital health interventions that may outpace current literature.