Micro/Nanoparticles in the Nose-Brain Axis: Implications for Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Interventions

Area of Science:

• Neuroscience
• Nanotechnology
• Pharmacology

Background:

• The nose-brain axis (NBA) is a vital pathway connecting the nasal cavity and central nervous system (CNS).
• The NBA is implicated in neurophysiology, disease progression, and serves as a route for drug delivery.
• It plays a role in neurological disorders via inflammation, microbial interactions, and environmental exposures.

Purpose of the Study:

• To explore the interaction of micro/nanoparticles with the NBA.
• To review their dual role as therapeutic carriers and contributors to neuroinflammation/neurodegeneration.
• To highlight the potential and challenges of NBA-targeted interventions for CNS diseases.

Main Methods:

• Literature review focusing on micro/nanoparticle interactions with the NBA.
• Analysis of pathogenic and therapeutic micro/nanoparticles in the context of CNS disorders.
• Examination of the NBA's role in neurodegeneration hypotheses.

Main Results:

• Pathogenic micro/nanoparticles (pollutants, industrial nanoparticles) can exacerbate CNS disorders by inducing oxidative stress and immune activation.
• Therapeutic micro/nanoparticles show promise for nasal-targeted interventions, modulating neuroinflammation and enhancing neuroprotection.
• Significant knowledge gaps exist regarding nasal immunity, microbiota, and barrier integrity's influence on CNS health via the NBA.

Conclusions:

• Micro/nanoparticles have a complex relationship with the NBA, presenting both risks and therapeutic opportunities for CNS diseases.
• Targeting the NBA with micro/nanoparticles offers a promising strategy for neuroprotection and disease treatment.
• Further research is crucial to address current gaps and fully leverage the NBA for CNS health.