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Performance Benefits Without Added Injury Risk? Effects of Advanced Footwear Technology on Running Economy and

Wenjin Wang1,2, Wolfgang Potthast2, Kalle Torniainen3

  • 1Division of Sports Science and Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.

Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports
|April 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Advanced footwear technology (AFT) improves running economy without increasing injury risk biomechanics. PEBA foam and carbon-fiber plate shoes enhance performance, while PEBA-only shoes offer better impact management.

Keywords:
loading rateoxygen uptakerunning shoestreadmill running

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Sports Science
  • Running Technology

Background:

  • Advanced footwear technology (AFT) offers performance benefits in distance running.
  • Concerns exist regarding the biomechanical implications of AFT and their link to running-related injuries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if AFT's improved running economy comes without increased biomechanical risk factors for injury.
  • To compare the biomechanical effects of shoes with PEBA foam and carbon-fiber plates versus PEBA foam only and TPU foam.

Main Methods:

  • Thirty recreational runners performed treadmill trials in three shoe conditions: Nike Vaporfly 3 (NV3), Nike Invincible 3 (NI3), and Brooks Levitate 5 (BL5).
  • Measurements included oxygen uptake, heart rate (HR), vertical average loading rate (VALR), vertical instantaneous loading rate (VILR), braking impulse, contact time, and contralateral pelvic drop.
  • Data were analyzed using two-way repeated measures ANOVA at speeds of 10.8 and 12.6 km·h⁻¹.

Main Results:

  • The NV3 (PEBA foam + carbon-fiber plate) significantly reduced oxygen uptake and HR compared to NI3 (PEBA foam) and BL5 (TPU foam).
  • The BL5 showed higher VALR and VILR than both NV3 and NI3. NV3 had higher VALR than NI3.
  • No significant differences were found in contralateral pelvic drop or contact time across shoe conditions.

Conclusions:

  • AFT shoes with PEBA foam and a carbon-fiber plate enhance running economy without increasing key biomechanical injury risk factors.
  • PEBA-only footwear may be more suitable for activities prioritizing cushioning and impact absorption.
  • This research supports the use of advanced footwear for performance enhancement while managing potential injury risks.